Identification and description | |||||||||||||
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Name | BROUGHTON CASTLE | ||||||||||||
Location |
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Localisation | Latitude: 52.043535 Longitude: -1.3956147 National Grid Reference: SP4154938521 Map: Download a full scale map (PDF) |
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Overview | Heritage Category: Park and Garden Grade: II List Entry Number: 1001088 Date first listed: 01-Jun-1984 |
A medieval and later fortified manor house with lawns and walled garden, enclosed
by a moat, with adjacent C18 landscape park.
HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT
Broughton Castle was probably begun by Sir John of Broughton (d 1315). William of
Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and founder of New College, Oxford (qv), bought the
manor in 1377. It subsequently passed by marriage into the Fiennes family via Margaret
Wykeham, who married Sir William Fiennes, second Lord Saye and Sele in 1448. The house
was gradually enlarged and fortified during the C15 and C16, and, following the nearby
Battle of Edgehill in 1642, was laid siege by the Royalists who captured and occupied
it. The park was landscaped in the later C18, possibly around the time when Sanderson
Miller may have advised on gothick decoration for the interior of the house. The house
remains (1998) a family home.
DESCRIPTION
LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, LANDFORM, SETTING Broughton Castle, with its grounds,
bounds the west side of the village of Broughton, a north Oxfordshire village lying
4km south-west of the centre of Banbury. The c 37ha site is bounded largely by agricultural
land, those boundaries being defined to the north by the Broughton to Shutford lane,
and to the south by the Sor Brook. The moated house stands in a valley towards the
south-east corner of the park, with ground rising gently to the west and more sharply
to the east, at the confluence of the Sor Brook with two small feeders from the south
and north. The B4035 Banbury to Shipston-on-Stour road, running north-east to south-west
through the village, divides the house and moat from the wooded east park which clothes
a steep hillside. The setting is largely rural, with the village lying adjacent, and
a continuous line of low hills running from the south-west to south-east c 1km distant,
terminating views to the south.
ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES The main approach, from the north off the Broughton to Shutford
lane, enters the park c 350m north of the house, past the two-storey stone lodge (c
1840, listed grade II), built in Tudor style. The entrance, set several metres back
off the lane, is flanked to the east by a low stone wall and to the west by the lodge
garden, which is bounded by an iron fence and low hedge. Passing between wooden gate
piers, the drive curves south through the park, sited in a fairly level valley, with
parkland rising gently up to the west. Some 200m north of the house the drive turns
sharply east to face the west front of the church tower, continuing east and then
turning south adjacent to the church. The drive continues south, straight across the
small, two-arched stone bridge (medieval origin, listed grade I) over the moat, beneath
the gatehouse tower, across the forecourt to the centre of the north front of the
house, the view along the drive being aligned from adjacent to the church tower straight
through to the front door on the north front.
The gravel drive encircles a rectangular panel of lawn at the centre of the forecourt,
which is bounded to the east by the east arm of the moat, and to the north by the
plain, single-storey, stone stable block (C15, listed grade I) and the adjacent two-storey
gatehouse (C14, remodelled C15, listed grade I). The west boundary of the forecourt
is formed by a partly crenellated, angled stone wall (listed grade I), attached at
its north end to the gatehouse, with a raised walkway along the east, inner side enabling
viewing of the park to the west. The south forecourt boundary is formed by the house.
A gap between the house and the wall at the south-west corner of the forecourt gives
access to the garden to the west and south. Views from here extend across the park
to the west; the view east from the forecourt extends over the east arm of the moat
and low-lying land, across the road, and up beyond this to the detached east park,
now planted with trees. Buck's view (CL 1976) of the house in 1729 (with rather distorted
perspective) shows the essential components of the forecourt much as today (1998),
with the ruinous remains of a second drawbridge and gatehouse situated on the east
side of the forecourt, and a wall leading north from here towards the stable block;
these remains however are not depicted on maps of 1685 and 1724 and are not visible
now.
PRINCIPAL BUILDING Broughton Castle (C14, remodelled C15, C16, C18, restored G G Scott
c 1860s, listed grade I) stands towards the south-east corner of the park, upon a
1.5ha island fully enclosed by the 1.5ha moat, the narrow east front standing adjacent
to the east arm of the moat. The house is bounded to the north by the forecourt, and
to the west and south by level lawns, borders, and against the west half of the south
front, the rectangular walled Ladies' Garden, formerly part of the medieval service
wing. The ironstone, narrowly rectangular building was remodelled in the mid C16 by
Richard Fiennes to produce the Italianate north, entrance front, with its off-centre
front door concealed within the eastern projecting bay which contains the porch. At
this time the two south staircase towers were added, the western one with a viewing
room at the top, the Council Chamber, with windows facing west, south and east. This
may have been used as a rooftop banqueting house to overlook the surrounding garden
and moat, with panoramic views over the countryside beyond to the south. From 1629
to 1640 this room was used clandestinely for meetings by those who opposed Charles
I's government.
The former kitchen and service wing at the west end of the house was also remodelled
in the mid C16 to contain the most prestigious apartments, overlooking the west lawn
which may then have contained ornamental garden features, with views west over what
is now park.
Sanderson Miller may have worked on the remodelling of various rooms in Gothick style
in the 1760s, including the Great Hall and Long Gallery (Pevsner 1974).
GARDENS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS The garden occupies the area of the moated island to
the west and south of the house, and is largely laid to level lawns running down to
the south and west edges of the moat. In 1970 Lanning Roper advised on the layout,
and as a result the west border, running along the terrace walk on the east side of
the west lawn, against the west side of the forecourt wall, was remodelled as a mixed
border, with a blue, grey and yellow theme. The border continues south alongside the
terrace walk, adjacent to the west wall of the Ladies' Garden, and is predominantly
pink in colour. A low stone wall (?C18, listed grade II) running parallel along the
length of the west front divides this section of the terrace from the west lawn. At
either end of the wall a short set of steps, flanked by piers with ball finials, gives
access down to the lawn.
Adjacent to the west side of the south front stands the stone-walled garden known
as the Ladies' Garden (listed grade I as part of the house), established in the 1880s
on the site of earlier medieval service buildings. It contains a design of four box-edged
fleur-de-lis beds set in gravel, with a central, circular camomile lawn and perimeter
mixed borders. The Ladies' Garden is entered from the house via a small elevated doorway
in the south wall of the house at the top of a flight of steps, and through doorways
in the each of the other three garden walls. The doorway in the east wall leads onto
a small lawn planted with several topiary yew cubes, with a further mixed border along
the wall. A ruined arch, set within a stretch of wall projecting south from the south-east
corner of the Ladies' Garden to the water, gives access back to the main, west lawn.
In the C17 (estate map, 1685) the west lawn was laid out as 'gardins', in three adjacent
rectangles running from north to south, but the internal details are not known. By
the late C19 (OS 1887) the west lawn was open, and the garden layout appeared similar
to today. In the last years of the C19 and in the early C20 the estate was let to
Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox, whose wife Blanche created various garden features, including
a rose garden where the topiary lawn now stands and possibly the terrace walk on the
west lawn. She also created a large, floral sundial with a topiary gnomon (CL 1901)
in the south-west corner close to the moat, and planted the outer, south side of the
moat as a wild garden. 'In a few short years, and with the aid of but four gardeners
and a boy or two, great things have been achieved, and a long series of beautiful
scenes has been created.' (CL 1898).
PARK The park largely covers the valley and hillside west of the house and village,
rising up to a plateau adjacent to the west boundary. Laid to pasture, it contains
many clumps and single trees of varying ages, mostly oak, beech, lime and sycamores,
with several small plantations towards the west boundary. A belt continues west from
the north-west corner, providing extra shelter from the open agricultural land beyond.
A pond with several islands has been dug (late C20) on the site of an earlier area
of derelict woodland at the south-west corner of the park. The C14 church is a feature
within the park, standing some 150m north of the house in its own churchyard, sheltered
by mature trees, with its spire prominent in views east across the park. It is reached
from the main drive via a late C20 spur east off the drive, constructed to give access
to a car park adjacent to the north side of the churchyard, and via a path west off
the B4035. Earthwork remains exist throughout the park, including the remains of a
park fence and ditch, quarries and village earthworks.
The landscape park seems to have been laid out in the mid to late C18, possibly with
advice from Sanderson Miller who lived in nearby Radway (qv) at the time in the 1760s
when he may have been advising on the house. A scheme by John Davenport (1781) suggested
further landscaping of the park, integrating the moat and house within the scheme,
but this was never carried out. The present park occupies the site of several rectangular
enclosures known as park areas during the late C17 and early C18 (estate maps, 1685,
1724).
East of the moat is an area of low-lying land straddling the northern feeder stream
and beyond this, across the B4035, lies a detached area of park situated on a steeply
rising hillside, now largely deciduous woodland, with some fine Scots pine specimens.
This provides a backdrop for the view from the east side of the forecourt, and closes
the view east from the rising park west of the house and church. This was open parkland
in the late C19 (OS 1887), the southern end having been enlarged northwards from an
enclosed area known from the C17 to the early C19 as The Warren (estate maps, 1685,
1724, c 1810 (copied 1848)).
KITCHEN GARDEN The rectangular kitchen garden, situated 200m north-east of the house,
is surrounded by walls with lengths of varying brick and stone construction and is
entered through a gateway in the west wall. It is still cultivated, although the glasshouses
present c 1900 (OS 1900) have gone (1997). The ground slopes up to the east, to the
gabled, ironstone Warren Lodge (dated 1877), built in Tudor style and standing in
the elevated south-east corner, overlooking the walled garden and church. Built originally
as the gardener's cottage, the Lodge has now (1997) been converted to offices. A late
C20 stone gardener's cottage has been constructed in the north-east corner.
REFERENCES
Country Life, 4 (17 December 1898), pp 756-63; 10 (7 December 1901), pp 754-5; (14
December 1901), pp 786-8; 11 (22 February 1902), pp 230-2; 160 (2 December 1976),
pp 1636-9; (9 December 1976), pp 1758-61; (16 December 1976), pp 1834-7; no 47 (25
November 1993), pp 54-7 Victoria History of the County of Oxfordshire 9, (1969), pp
85-92 N Pevsner and J Sherwood, The Buildings of England: Oxfordshire (1974), pp 493-8
Broughton Castle, guidebook, (1984) Broughton Castle, guidebook, (c 1997)
Maps A Bryant, Map of the County of Oxford ..., surveyed 1823 A plan of the parish
of Broughton, 1805 (Oxfordshire County Record Office)
[The following maps are all held in a private collection but the OCRO holds copies.]
A Geograffical description of Broughton Lordship ..., 1685 A map of the adjoining
Manors of Broughton and Shutford ... belonging to Thomas Twistleton, 1724 A plan of
the estate at Broughton ... belonging to ... Lord Saye and Sele, c 1810, copied 1848
OS 6" to 1 mile: 1st edition published 1887 2nd edition published 1900 OS 25" to 1
mile: 1st edition published 1880 2nd edition published 1900
Description written: April 1998 Amended: April 1999 Register Inspector: SR Edited:
January 2000
This garden or other land is registered under the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 within the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens by Historic England for its special historic interest.