Identification and description | |||||||||||||
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Name | LEVENS HALL | ||||||||||||
Location |
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Localisation | Latitude: 54.261599 Longitude: -2.7708379 National Grid Reference: SD 49886 85378 Map: Download a full scale map (PDF) |
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Overview | Heritage Category: Park and Garden Grade: I List Entry Number: 1000667 Date first listed: 01-Jul-1985 |
A park and gardens laid out by Guillaume Beaumont between 1689 and 1712 which retain
almost all of the essential elements of the completed scheme as shown on maps of the
park and gardens of 1730.
HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT
A pele tower was erected on the site by the de Redman family c 1250-1300. The de Redmans
sold the site to Alan Bellingham in 1562 and it remained in the Bellingham family
until 1688 when it was sold to Colonel James Grahme. Grahme invited Guillaume Beaumont
(d 1727) to design the park and gardens. Beaumont remained at Levens until his death
in 1727 and a portrait dated c 1700 has the inscription: 'Monsieur Beaumont Gardener
to King James 2 & to Col Ja Grahme. He laid out the Gardens at Hampton Court Palace
and at Levens.'
The estate remained in the Grahme family, passing through marriage to the Howard family
and subsequently to the Bagot family. It remains (1997) in private ownership.
DESCRIPTION
LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, LANDFORM, SETTING Levens Hall is situated c 5km south-west
of Kendal. The c 45ha site is situated in the valley of the River Kent in a setting
which is rural and agricultural. The parkland consists of two separate areas of land,
one to the north-east of the Hall on the far side of the A6, and the other to the
west. The boundary to the north-eastern park is formed by a stone wall which completely
encloses it. The boundary of the gardens and western park is formed by a stone wall
on the east side, and a stone wall on the western boundary for a length of c 130m.
The remainder of the southern and the western boundary is formed by a C20 fence, and
the northern boundary is formed by the River Kent.
ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES The main entrance is marked by a gateway with stone gate
piers with pineapple finials (probably mid C19, listed grade II) on the west side
of the A6. A drive leads westwards across the north front of the Hall and continues
south-westwards to a service courtyard to the west of the Hall. A secondary entrance
to the Hall is formed by gate piers and gates (listed grade II) aligned with the north
front of the Hall. There is another entrance with gates and stone gate piers with
ball finials from a lane running west then south-west from the A6. This leads to the
extreme south-west corner of the gardens and was formed in the C20. Entrances to the
north-eastern park are formed by a set of stone gate piers and gates, one on each
side of Levens Bridge (listed grade II) which carries the A6 over the River Kent.
There is another entrance on the north-east side of the park from a minor road between
Hincaster and Sizergh. This is called Park End and is shown, with the other entrances,
on a plan of the park by Russell of 1816. There is an informal entrance from a footpath
via a stile on the north-west side of the park.
PRINCIPAL BUILDING Levens Hall (listed grade I) originated as a pele tower and is
probably of C13 date. The building was altered and refurbished c 1580 by James Bellingham.
It is the largest Elizabethan house in the county and retains a fine contemporary
interior. An L-shaped service block is attached to the south-west of the Hall enclosing
a cobbled courtyard. Some 70m north-east of the Hall there is a stable range (C17,
listed grade II*), now converted for residential use, to which is attached, at the
southern end, a small house built for Guillaume Beaumont and used as the Head Gardener's
residence since that time.
GARDENS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS The gardens are situated on the north, east and south
sides of the Hall. A walled forecourt to the north has gates leading to a drive aligned
with the Hall?s main entrance which ends in a semicircular gravelled area. There are
lawns on either side of the drive and a grassed terrace between the gravelled sweep
and the front of the Hall, with stone steps leading up to the entrance. This is much
as shown on Skyring's 1730 plan of the gardens except that the wall dividing the stables
and gardener's house from the forecourt has disappeared.
The gardens to the east and south of the Hall are entered from a gate in the south-east
forecourt wall. They consist of a central square of four compartmental gardens of
equal size. To the south, beyond a beech hedge, is an irregularly shaped area called
The Wilderness; to the north there is a rectangular area in the angle formed by the
south side of the gardener's house and the east side of the Hall. On the east side
the East Walk runs the full length of the gardens. Another axial path runs eastwards
along the south side of the Hall to join East Walk. On the west side there is a path
running south along the edge of a ha-ha, with a semicircular bastion (listed grade
II) c 35m south of the Hall giving views into parkland. The ha-ha is one of the earliest
known examples in the country and is mentioned in family papers from 1695 onwards.
The garden area is walled on the east and south sides, enclosed by the Hall and the
gardener?s house on the north side, and separated from parkland by the ha-ha on the
west side.
The four central gardens are divided from one another by a hedged walk called the
Beech Walk. This runs from north to south and has a circular central area from which
grass walks lead off to the east and west. The north-west compartment has a central
circular area and quartering axial paths. It is used as a vegetable garden and nuttery.
The north-east garden, known as the Orchard, is laid out with a circular central area
and cross paths mirroring the design of its neighbour; it is planted with fruit trees.
Both of these gardens conform to the layout shown on the 1730 garden plan. The south-eastern
garden is called the Bowling Green, and has a level close-clipped lawn; it is shown
with a game of bowls in progress on the 1730 plan. A bowling green is thought to have
existed before this part of the garden was laid out in its present form because bowls
marked with the Bellingham arms (ie pre 1688) are preserved in the Hall. The south-west
garden, called the Fountain Garden, has quartering axial paths bordered by pleached
limes leading from a central circular fountain. This garden was laid out during the
1990s recreating the plan of the garden as shown on the 1730 plan and introducing
the fountain in the position of what is shown as a circular area. The earlier layout,
shown in slightly modified form on the 1816 map, was obliterated by tennis courts
during the early C20. The southern part of the garden, called The Wilderness, has
a small building called the smoke house (C17, modified C19, listed grade II) at the
southern end of the East Walk in the angle of the east and south walls. This is shown
on the 1730 plan. The south side of The Wilderness has a path running alongside the
wall which is lined with mature lime trees on the garden side. The 1730 plan shows
that the line now planted as the Beech Walk continued through The Wilderness to the
southern wall, and that there was a garden with radiating walks on the east side of
this line and a garden with a pattern of straight east/west walks between circular
plots planted with trees on the west side. The 1816 map shows the area planted with
trees. The southern wall has a centrally positioned ornamental arch which forms the
termination of a vista looking south down the Beech Walk. This appears to have been
constructed during the C20 incorporating a pediment of earlier date.
The north-east corner of the garden, called the Topiary Garden, is divided into four
rectangular areas by paths, also as shown on the 1730 plan. These are divided into
geometrical shapes with low box hedges and the area is planted with yew and golden
yew topiary in a wide variety of forms. Beaumont created the topiary garden and it
was restored by Alexander Forbes, Head Gardener from 1810-62, who recut the surviving
yews, planted anew, and introduced box hedging.
On the west side of the Hall a plot has been laid out with geometric beds edged with
box in the style of a C17 garden. This was created during the 1990s.
PARK There are two distinct areas of parkland at Levens Hall. To the north-east a
c 33ha stretch of parkland is situated on either side of the River Kent. It is divided
from the Hall, gardens and remaining parkland by the A6 which was constructed as a
turnpike during the 1750s. The Kent runs south-westwards through the centre of the
park; at the south end there is a small flat-bottomed valley and the banks of the
river become steeper to the north, becoming precipitous in places towards the north-eastern
boundary. The banks are generally wooded apart from a more open area at the southern
end of the park. An avenue, called The Avenue, runs eastwards along the southern edge
of the park for a distance of c 500m from the entrance on the south side of Levens
Bridge, then turns and runs north-eastwards to the edge of the park. From it there
are views of the winding River Kent. Shown on Skyring's 1730 plan of the park as well
as Russell's plan of 1816, it consists almost wholly of oak trees which vary from
ancient specimens through to recently planted saplings reflecting a programme of management
in the centuries following planting. The trees are planted at approximately regular
intervals of c 10-12m.
On the north side of the river a line of mature trees, mainly limes, runs eastwards
from a point c 100m north of the entrance for a distance of c 150m. This is the remains
of an avenue shown on the 1st edition OS map surveyed 1858. It is approximately on
the line of an avenue shown on Skyring's map of the park of c 1730, when it was related
to two other short avenues, one running south along the park boundary and another
running north-eastwards from the park entrance along the banks of the Kent for a distance
of c 100m. The 1816 map shows a slightly different disposition of the three avenues
suggesting that the line which survives was replanted after 1816. Some of the scattered
mature trees in this corner of the park may be survivors of the early C19 arrangement.
Some 450m north-east of the northern park entrance, on the slopes of Deer Hill, there
is a group of three clumps of mature trees which are probably the survivors of a range
of platoons along the west side of the Kent shown on the estate map of 1816. In one
of the clumps a mature beech tree is carved with a seemingly authentic date and the
letters 'RS 1760'.
With the exception of the western boundary and that part of the southern edge bounded
by The Avenue, there are belts of planting along the perimeter of the park. This is
much as shown on the 1858 OS map. In 1730 the most significant planting was on the
north-west side of the site in an area which is called Lily Wood. A lesser plantation
on the north-west edge of the park is also shown. The 1816 map shows that Lily Wood
had rides cut through it along the south-western and north-western edges.
The park was laid out by Beaumont during the period 1689-1712 and remains much as
shown on the plan of 1730. It was visited by William Gilpin in 1776 who described
it as 'a happy combination of everything that is lovely and great in landskip' (Batey
and Lambert 1990, 92). It is currently (1997) used for pasture and supports a herd
of black fallow deer.
Parkland situated to the west of the Hall and gardens covers an area of c 12ha. It
consists of a level area of land with some scattered trees which is used for pasture.
Aligned with the ha-ha bastion there is an avenue of trees. This is shown on the 1816
map as platoons and the vestiges of that arrangement are shown on the 1858 OS map.
This area is shown on Jeffreys' county map of 1770 occupying a larger area than it
does at present, but it is not covered by the plans of the gardens and park of 1730.
REFERENCES
F O Morris, A Series of Picturesque Views 6, (1866-80), pl 49 Country Life, 6 (18
November 1899), pp 624-8; (25 November 1899), pp 656-9; 60 (9 October 1926), pp 538-46;
(16 October 1926), pp 578-86; (23 October 1926), pp 610-17; 145 (9 January 1969),
pp 62-3; 147 (26 March 1970), pp 782-4 H I Triggs, Formal Gardens in England and Scotland
(1902), pp 27-8 C Holme, Gardens of England in Northern Counties (1911), pls 72-80
N Pevsner, The Buildings of England: Cumberland and Westmorland (1967), pp 268-70
B Elliott, Victorian Gardens (1986), pp 58-9 M Batey and D Lambert, The English Garden
Tour (1990), pp 90-4 C Crowder, Levens Hall Garden Guide, (nd, c 1995)
Maps R Skyring, A Map of Leavens Garding, c 1730 R Skyring, A Mappe of Leavens Park,
c 1730 T Jeffreys, The County of Westmorland, 1770 J Russell, A Plan of Levens Park
belonging to R. Howard Esq., 1816 C & J Greenwood, Map of the County of Westmorland,
1824
OS 6" to 1 mile: Westmorland sheet XLII, 1st edition surveyed 1858 OS 25" to 1 mile:
Westmorland sheet XLII.11 (B), 1st edition surveyed 1858
Archival items Typescript notes on Beaumont taken from family papers at Levens Hall,
nd (private collection)
Description written: July 1997 Amended: June 1998 Register Inspector: CEH Edited:
March 1999
This garden or other land is registered under the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 within the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens by Historic England for its special historic interest.