Identification and description | |||||
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Name | Designed landscape of the Pearl Centre | ||||
Location |
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Localisation | Latitude: 52.554985 Longitude: -0.31981427 National Grid Reference: TL1401096564 Map: Download a full scale map (PDF) |
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Overview | Heritage Category: Park and Garden Grade: II List Entry Number: 1462808 Date first listed: 19-Mar-2019 Statutory Address 1: The Pearl Centre, Peterborough Business Park, Lynch Wood, Peterborough, PE2 6FY |
Patterns of work and trade were revolutionised in the late C20, and the commercial
building played a central role both in spearheading innovation and representing an
image of change. Widespread car ownership and the expansion of transport infrastructure
since the 1960s had made possible new locations and building types, such as the business
park, conference centre and the out-of-town shopping mall. This began in the United
States with the work of Gordon Bunshaft and Eero Saarinen, and the first examples
in Britain included American or part-American firms such as Loewy or Heinz. Government
controls on building offices in central London began in November 1964 with what is
commonly termed the ‘Brown Ban’. Similar controls followed elsewhere in the South
East and Midlands, encouraging companies and government departments to relocate corporate
headquarters and build elsewhere in landscaped surroundings. One of the earliest examples
of a business park was Aztec West outside Bristol, master planned from 1980 by Nicholas
Grimshaw with Bruce Gilbreth and Partners acting as co-ordinating architect. Stockley
Park near Hillingdon in Buckinghamshire, begun in 1984, introduced the heavily landscaped
out-of-town business campus, where settling ponds and lush planting contrasted with
modernist buildings by Arup Associates, Norman Foster and Ian Ritchie.
At such business parks, professional landscape architects took on a new opportunity
to screen car parking and create a corporate identity, as well as providing attractive
places for office workers to have their lunch – an important consideration in suburban
or rural locations where there was no High Street to escape to. Preben Jakobsen is
perhaps the most acclaimed specialist, working from the 1970s to the late 1990s, but
surviving examples are rare. He worked extensively with the modernist practice of
Elsom, Pack and Roberts (EPR), and his design of the landscape of Broadwater Park
near Denham Green in Buckinghamshire, of 1982-4, is relatively complete, with carefully
landscaped car parking screened by mounds of shrubs and islands of trees, as well
as a hedged lawn that shields more private areas, with paths and seating for lunchtime
perambulation.
In 1967 the cathedral city of Peterborough was designated a New Town to receive London
overspill. Peterborough Development Corporation was established in 1968, charged with
the urban development of the area to provide homes, work and the full range of services
required for the relocation of 70,000 people, mainly drawn from the Greater London
area. Located 80 miles from London and Birmingham, on the main railway and next to
the A1, Peterborough became a popular choice for company relocation from the 1970s
onwards. The countryside around Peterborough offered a range of available parkland
sites for large companies, and the first business park was established at Thorpe Wood,
west of Longthorpe village, with a large head office for Thomas Cook, and offices
for several others. A second business park was established on 170 acres at Lynch Wood,
four miles south-west of Peterborough, between the River Nene and the East of England
Showground, attracting a range of companies who required a large footprint, including
Royal Life, and the Pearl Assurance Company. Lynch Wood Business Park was officially
opened for development by HM Queen Elizabeth II in 1988, and is considered the final
great achievement of the Development Corporation, which was wound up in September
1988 (succeeded by the Peterborough Development Agency).
Pearl Assurance previously had its headquarters at 252 High Holborn, an Edwardian
Baroque building constructed between 1911 and 1962 to designs by H Percy Monkton (listed
at Grade II). The company’s presence in Peterborough had been growing since 1973,
when they moved their computer centre to Thorpe Wood. Pearl Assurance invited four
architectural firms to put forward design concepts for a new company headquarters
at Lynch Wood, and an architectural scheme by Chapman Taylor Partners was chosen,
with a designed landscape by Professor Arnold Weddle (1924-97) of the Landscape Research
Office, an accomplished landscape designer and lecturer in landscape architecture.
Pearl had recently worked with Chapman Taylor Partners and Weddle on the design of
the company’s sports and social club at Castor near Peterborough (completed 1991),
which aimed to help attract 2,200 employees and their families to the area. Construction
on the £75 million Pearl Centre contract commenced in June 1989, and the whole complex
was completed by February 1992. Construction of the Pearl Centre was carried out by
Wimpey Construction Ltd, with Ronald Farquharson Partnership as structural engineers,
Ronald Ward and Associates as services engineer, and AE Thornton-Firkin as quantity
surveyor. The designed landscape was executed under the direction of Chapman Taylor
Partners.
By taking an early decision to put car parking underground, the whole site landscape
around the Pearl’s office headquarters was designed as grounds and gardens for staff
enjoyment, both in views from the building and for lunchtime perambulation. The landscape
is an extension of the built architecture, with sculptural landforms creating a variety
of external spaces, including: lakes, a memorial garden, entrance courtyard, physic
garden, parterre garden, pyramid, wildflower meadow and ziggurat. These features were
not just ornamental: the lake was stocked with coarse fish and used for fishing, and
the platform of the pyramid was intended for use as a boules court or events space.
Within the building, tropical trees were imported from Florida for the atria of Nene,
Middle and Orton Halls. The main atrium had four large Ficus nitida, a variety of
fig that is not common in the UK, surrounded by smaller trees and shrubs and an ornamental
oriental screen for climbing plants. With the foliage in the atria intended to provide
a focus, there was no planting in the office areas themselves. The restaurant had
one 5-metre tall Dracaera in a square planter under the central square lantern. Most
of the interior planting has since been removed.
Arnold Weddle served in Italy and Greece during the Second World War (1939-45), after
which he trained as an architect and town planner in Newcastle upon Tyne, and commenced
employment as an architectural assistant in 1951, and a planning officer in 1954.
He was elected an associate of the Institute of Landscape Architects (ILA) in 1954
and a Fellow in 1963. His interests lay in landscape planning, and in 1956 he was
appointed Lecturer in Landscape Design at the Department of Civic Design (now the
Department of Town and Regional Planning) at the University of Liverpool. He started
his own private practice in Bluecoat Chambers in Liverpool in 1957, and completed
several landscape designs for private clients in Liverpool and Wirral, Cheshire. Between
1957 and 1967, he worked in collaboration with Professor Myles Wright on urban and
regional projects, including a regional plan for Dublin, and urban planning of the
Borough of Bootle. During the 1960s, Weddle worked on Liverpool University campus
projects (1960), for the Central Electricity Generating Board, and for Skelmersdale
New Town Corporation (1967). Weddle’s ‘Peterborough Project’ advised on the reclamation
of the extensive former brickworks of Peterborough (1961-5), feeding into the new
town plans. He played a key role in the establishment of the first Department of Landscape
Architecture in Britain at Sheffield University, and as founding professor was appointed
to the newly-established Granada Chair of Landscape Architecture in 1967. Weddle continued
his private practice in Sheffield as ‘Arnold Weddle Landscape and Planning Consultant’,
where he employed lecturers and postgraduate students to work part-time on professional
projects. He retired from Sheffield University in 1987, and incorporated his practice
as Landscape Research Office Limited in the same year, also continuing to operate
as ‘Professor A E Weddle Landscape and Planning Consultant’. The practice became Weddle
Landscape Design in 1992, reflecting the practice’s increased focus on environmental
planning, arboriculture and ecology.
Chapman Taylor Partners is a commercial practice established in 1959 by Bob Chapman
(1926-2016), John Taylor (1928-1999) and Jane Durham, who met while working for architect
Guy Morgan. Their best-known projects include New Scotland Yard in Westminster (1962-1966),
RHM Centre, Vauxhall Bridge Road, London (1969-1971), Caxton House, Tothill Street,
Westminster (1974-1979), the Diamond Quarter Headquarters building in Charterhouse
Street (1976-9), Friary Court, Crutched Friars (1981-1985), One Drummond Gate, Millbank
(completed 1983), Lansdowne House, Berkeley Square (1985-1988), and Moorgate Hall,
Moorgate (1988-1990). At the same time the firm became active in the retail sector,
designing shopping centres such as Eldon Square, in Newcastle (1976) and the West
One centre on Oxford Street in the 1980s. By the mid-1980s the office employed 650
members of staff. From the 1990s Chapman Taylor undertook a greater proportion of
projects outside the UK, and today operates as a global architecture and master planning
practice.
Designed landscape of the Pearl Centre, the former head offices of Pearl Assurance,
designed by Professor Arnold Weddle of the Landscape Research Office, and executed
under the direction of Chapman Taylor Partners between 1989 and 1992.
LOCATION, SETTING, LANDFORM, BOUNDARIES AND AREA Location: The Pearl Centre, former
head offices of Pearl Assurance, was constructed in the north-west corner of Lynch
Wood Business Park between 1989 and 1992, approximately 4 miles south-west of Peterborough,
between the River Nene and the East of England Showground.
Setting: Lynch Wood, from which the business park gets its name, is a belt of mature
woodland on the western boundary of the Pearl site, separating it from the River Nene.
The woodland is managed by the Nene Park Trust and forms part of Nene Park, which
stretches from Peterborough City Centre to the A1.
Landform: The building stands on a natural knoll in flat fen landscape. Sculptural
landforms were designed to control views in and out of the site: a long earthen bank
along the south perimeter has trees planted along its ridge to conceal the Royal Life
building to the south from view; earthen banks either side of the site entrance direct
the visitor and provide security, as well as screening views of the car parks to the
north and south.
Boundaries: The Pearl site is roughly square in plan, and the boundary marked by a
perimeter tree belt, a timber post-and-rail fence with chestnut pale, and a wildflower
margin. Lynch Wood was extended along the south boundary to help screen the facilities
building in the south-west corner, with the planting of native tree and shrub species,
reflecting the existing composition of Lynch Wood, including ash, oak, horse chestnut,
whitebeam, yew, hazel, holly, privet and elder, as well as hawthorn and field maple
hedging. The north and east boundaries were also extended to reflect existing planting
to include a mix of transplanted and feathered trees, including conifers. To the interior
of the wildflower margin, a gravel perimeter road winds like a quaint country lane,
providing a functional track for fire access.
Area: The site measures approximately 10 hectares or 25 acres in area.
ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES The Pearl Centre is approached via a roundabout in the south-east
corner, which is grass-covered with a crescent-plan mound to the north-west side planted
with trees and shrubs. The approach road from the roundabout is flanked by clipped
shrubs, and diverts in two at a flagpole plinth, crafted of rusticated French limestone.
To the left of the plinth, the road sinuously curves around the square-plan car park,
designed to accommodate 1,500 cars on two covered decks, the ground floor level accessed
from the south-east side, and lower ground floor level accessed from the south-west
side. The road continues through the south-west side of Middle Hall and exits on the
south-east side. The main road through the site also provides access to the visitor
car park in the south-east corner, a link to the perimeter fire road at the south-west
corner, and a car park east of the computer block. To the right of the flagpole plinth,
the road rises to the entrance courtyard at first floor level, with French limestone
bridge piers and retaining walls to either side. The road continues clockwise around
the courtyard, with a circular lay-by to the main entrance in the north-west corner.
The roads are constructed of asphalt, and pedestrian crossings are identified by a
change of materials to a band of silver grey granite setts. Main pavements are crafted
of natural York stone with granite kerb stones. Throughout the site, the roads and
car parks are illuminated by lamp standards with twin globe lights.
PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS The Pearl Centre was constructed as the new head offices of Pearl
Assurance between 1989 and 1992 to the designs of Chapman Taylor Partners. The building
comprises three square-plan office blocks (Orton, Middle and Nene), running on an
east-west axis and linked at their corners, with an attached computer hall, restaurant
block and training centre bounding an entrance courtyard, over a square-plan underground
car park. The Pearl Centre is listed at Grade II (NHLE 1462664).
The war memorial garden to the east of the entrance courtyard remembers employees
of the Pearl Assurance company who fell in the First World War (1914-18) and Second
World War (1939-45). A central war memorial, dated 1919 and signed by the sculptor
Sir George James Frampton RA, bears a statue of St George trampling the dragon, with
four bronze plaques bearing the names of 444 employees who fell in the First World
War. Nearby, the south-east wall of the computer hall of the Pearl Centre bears four
bronze plaques with the names of 215 employees of the company who fell in the Second
World War. The memorial was previously located at the company’s former head offices
at 252 High Holborn in London, and was moved and rededicated at the new Peterborough
head offices in 1991. The memorial and accompanying plaques are listed at Grade II*
(NHLE 1462803).
GARDENS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS By taking an early decision to put car parking underground,
the whole site landscape around the Pearl’s office headquarters has been designed
as grounds and gardens for staff enjoyment, both in views from the building and for
lunchtime perambulation. The landscape is an extension of the structural architecture,
with sculptural landforms creating a variety of external spaces, including: (clockwise
from the north-east corner) two connected lakes, a memorial garden, entrance courtyard,
physic garden, parterre garden, pyramid, wildflower meadow, and ziggurat (each described
in detail below). More than 75,000 trees and shrubs of 500 varieties were planted
on the site, with large specimen trees from nurseries in Germany and Italy as well
as from the UK. The roadsides of the entrance, exit and car parking are boldly planted
with mature specimen conifers, clear-stemmed mixed broad-leaved trees and sculpted
clipped hedges, with decorative planting in areas closer to the building. Within the
perimeter fire road, Raisby or hoggin compacted-gravel paths connect the various elements
of the gardens. The Nene, Middle and Orton office blocks are bounded by an angular
gravel path, and sculpted clipped hedges, low shrubs, herbaceous perennials and ground
cover planting provide a decorative margin, so as not to obscure views from the ground
floor interior offices. Fixed timber park benches are located strategically throughout
the designed landscape for lunchtime enjoyment. These are usually laid out in a symmetrical
arrangement, such as two benches hidden within the north wildflower margin, a canted
arrangement of five benches west of the lakes, or bounding the west and north sides
of the platform of the ziggurat.
Two connected lakes occupy the north-east corner of the site; horn-shaped, they wrap
around a turfed, earthen mound in the south-west corner. Lined with clay from the
excavations, these lakes are filled with water from the River Nene, and stocked with
coarse fish for fishing. Recirculated water emerges from a rocky spring in a boulder
and pebble-strewn valley, and tumbles south-east over weirs into the cobble beaches
of the upper (smaller) lake. From here it flows north under a flat wooden bridge and
spills over a weir into the lower (larger) lake. Along the north bank of the lower
lake, a line of stepping stones traverses a pebble-strewn valley. In the south-west
corner of the lower lake, stands a 4-metre high sculpture of a bittern by Michael
Flynn (1947- ), cast by Fonderie d’Art. The turfed, earthen mound in the south-west
corner is roughly circular on plan with a vaguely spiralled grass path to its summit.
It is described by Weddle Landscape Design as a ‘bailey’ or ‘viewing mound’, and shown
on a plan by Weddles dated April 1989 as having a flight of steps on its east side
(akin to the medieval mound of Clifford’s Tower in York), though these were not constructed.
Herbaceous perennials, shrubs and ornamental trees are planted around the lake, with
a mix of native and ornamental plants closer to the building and sitting area. A Raisby
or hoggin compacted gravel path provides pedestrian access around and between the
lakes. The lakes are overlooked on their west side by a number of benches, including
a canted arrangement of five benches.
The war memorial garden to the east of the entrance courtyard remembers employees
of the Pearl Assurance company who fell in the First World War (1914-18) and Second
World War (1939-45). The garden is rectangular in plan, with granite kerbs and brick
paving, and bordered by low evergreen and deciduous shrubs, herbaceous planting and
ground cover plants. The central war memorial, dated 1919 and signed by the sculptor
Sir George James Frampton RA, and four bronze plaques on the south-east elevation
of the computer hall, are collectively listed at Grade II* (NHLE 1462803).
The centrepiece of the first-floor level entrance courtyard is a slightly raised Moorish
water feature. An octagonal-plan statuary island stands within an eight-pointed star-shaped
pool, and is bordered by two eight-pointed star-shaped paths divided by water channels.
Diagonal paths extend from the corner points of the outer star, dividing four grass
lawns which are gently sloped toward their outer edge and bounded by granite kerb
stones. Each path terminates in a low square-plan fountain, with two steps descending
to the silver granite steps of the pedestrian crossings at the same level as the carriageway.
At the centre of the water feature stands a 4-metre bronze figurative sculpture of
St Margaret of Antioch by Michael Sandle RA (1936 - ), a distinctly modern reworking
of the saint found on the company’s crest. The Christian daughter of a pagan priest,
St Margaret was reputedly imprisoned for her faith and devoured by Satan in the form
of a dragon, before utilising her cross to escape. Margarita (Margaret) is Latin for
pearl, hence the association of the saint with the company name. The saint holds a
pearl in her right hand, a palm branch (an emblem of honour and a symbol of success)
in the left hand, and a dragon lies at her feet. The paths are crafted of Cornish
grey granite paving, and the water channels and pool are constructed of black slate
paving. Flowering cherries line the edges of the entrance courtyard, which is also
planted with flowering herbaceous perennials and evergreen and deciduous shrubs in
mounded planting beds.
From the south-west corner of the entrance courtyard, a York stone path heads south-west,
flanked on either side by a small lawn with an oriental screen, passing under a covered
walkway to the Physic Garden. The Physic Garden is located at first-floor level between
the Restaurant Building and Training Building, and over the two-storey car park. Planted
with medicinal and culinary herbs within box hedges, the garden is also shown on plans
by the architects Chapman Taylor Parters as a ‘Walled Garden’. Four compartments are
arranged in a square with a carved inner corner, each bounded by granite kerbstones
and containing latticed box-hedge planting. Each compartment formerly held a wooden
obelisk, however these have been removed. To the east and west are two rectangular-plan
compartments, each with granite kerbstones. The north compartments each contained
a Chippendale-inspired wooden bench (only the west one survives), and the south compartments
each contain chevron box-hedge planting. The garden has red-brick paving, and is bounded
by planting and a buff-coloured brick wall with French limestone coping. A flight
of steps from the centre of the south-west side descends to the ground-floor road
level and entrance to the ground-floor level of the car-park.
The Parterre Garden, laid out in the south-west corner of the site to the south of
Nene Hall, had a central round garden surrounded by four rectangular gardens, into
which a cruciform compacted gravel path was cut. The garden was bounded to the north
by a balustrade, and to the south by a three-stepped earthen mound, accessed by three
central flights of York stone steps. Pleached lime trees and a timber palisade fence
conceal a facilities building to the south. The west path terminates with a sculptural
stone family group on a buff-coloured brick plinth, by Alistair Smith, dated 1991.
The parterre garden and balustrades were removed around 2005 when a glazed entrance
lobby was added to the south of Nene Hall, providing a new entrance for tenants. The
three-stepped mound to the south and sculpture to the west survive.
The Pyramid, located to the west of Middle Hall and north of Nene Hall, takes the
form of a square-plan two-tiered sculptural landform. The lower tier has a brick flight
of steps at the east end of the north side and south end of the west side, leading
to a Raisby compacted gravel path. The upper tier, also square in plan, has a flight
of brick steps to the centre of its east and south sides (aligned with the towers
of Middle and Nene Halls), leading to a compacted gravel platform, with three benches
along each of its north and west sides. The slopes of the sculptural landform are
planted with a dense, clipped deciduous hedge, possibly cotoneaster.
The Ziggurat to the west of Orton Hall and north of Middle Hall, is a sculptural landform
comprising a square earthen mound, overlaid with cruciform earthen ramps, leading
to a central platform. The north-south ramps are on axis with the north tower of Middle
Hall, and the east-west ramps on axis with the west tower of Orton Hall. The corners
of the square and slopes of the ramp are articulated by sculpted clipped hedges of
contrasting species, forms and colours, and the four corners of the central platform
each feature a tall feathered conifer.
The Wildflower Meadow occupies the north-west corner of the site, and takes the form
of a circular-plan amphitheatre-like sculptural landform. The earthen banks rise and
widen to the north-west corner, with sculptural timber posts impaled along the ridge
of the mound, akin to a woodhenge. The earthen mound is separated into quarters, with
breaks along the north-south and east-west axes. The north-south axis provides a direct
line from the north-west corner of the site, through the north-west corner and atrium
of Middle Hall, octagonal entrance hall, sculpture of the entrance courtyard, to the
south-east corner of the training centre. The wildflower meadow was replanted as a
labyrinth around 2005, and four stone benches added to its centre.
Designed landscape of the Pearl Centre, the former head offices of Pearl Assurance, designed by Professor Arnold Weddle of the Landscape Research Office, and executed under the direction of Chapman Taylor Partners between 1989 and 1992.
This garden or other land is registered under the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 within the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens by Historic England for its special historic interest.
The designed landscape of the Pearl Centre, the former head offices of Pearl Assurance
Ltd, designed by Professor Arnold Weddle of the Landscape Research Office, and executed
under the direction of Chapman Taylor Partners between 1989 and 1992, is registered
at Grade II for the following principal reasons:
Historic interest: * for the design of the gardens by Professor Arnold Weddle, an
accomplished landscape designer and influential lecturer of landscape architecture;
* as a rare example of a highly designed landscape associated with a contemporary
commercial office building.
Design interest: * as a highly creative re-working of a familiar formal language,
executed with masterful handling of form and function; * for the architectural quality
of the landscape design, which is intimately connected with and complements the Post-Modern
design of the Pearl Centre by Chapman Taylor Partners; * for the recreational value
of the grounds and gardens, which were designed for the enjoyment of staff relocated
from the company’s London headquarters, both in views from the building and for lunchtime
perambulation.
Group value: * for the strong group value the designed landscape holds with the Pearl
Centre, designed by Chapman Taylor Partners and built between 1989 and 1992 (listed
at Grade II) and a war memorial to the employees of the Pearl Assurance Company who
fell in the First and Second World Wars, designed by Sir George James Frampton RA
(listed at Grade II*).
Books and journals
Pearl Assurance: An Illustrated History, 1864-1989, (1990)
Landscape Institute: A visitor's guide to 20th century British landscape design, (1994), 14
Bendixson, Terence, The Peterborough Effect: Reshaping a city, (1988)
Murray, Peter (Editor), Chapman Taylor Partners, (1989)
Pevsner, Nikolaus, O'Brien, Charles, The Buildings of England: Bedfordshire, Huntingdonshire and Peterborough, (2014), 648
Woudstra, J, 'The "Sheffield Method" and the first Department of Landscape Architecture In Great Britain' in Garden History, , Vol. 38, no. 2, (2010), 242–266
'Architects Journal, Business Differences' in Architects Journal, (15 July 1992), 24-39
'Polished Pearl' in Building, (14 December 1990), 38-43
'Pearl's gates' in Architecture Today, , Vol. 28, (01 May 1992), 72-75
Websites
Architects Journal, 'News - Chapman Taylor co-founder Bob Chapman dies', accessed 23 January 2019 from https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/chapman-taylor-co-founder-bob-chapman-dies/10016191.article
Peterborough Civic Society, ‘Nene Living’, accessed 07 February 2019 from https://www.peterboroughcivicsociety.org.uk/neneliving3.php
Weddle Landscape Design, 'Practice History', accessed 23 January 2019 from http://weddles.co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Weddle-Landscape-Design-Practice-History-Introduction-1.pdf
Weddle Landscape Design, 'The Pearl', accessed 23 January 2019 from http://weddles.co.uk/portfolio/the-pearl/
Other
[Peterborough Development Corporation?], ‘Pearl Assurance – A study in corporate relocation: Volume 1 – Concept, design and construction’, [date unknown – c1992]
[Peterborough Development Corporation?], ‘Pearl Assurance – A study in corporate relocation: Volume 2 – Implementation’, [date unknown - c1992]
‘Lynch Wood Park’ brochure, (November 2004)
Peterborough Development Corporation, ‘Lynch Wood, Peterborough: The development guidelines’, (c1985)
Peterborough Development Corporation, ‘Peterborough Business Park’, (c1985)