Identification and description | |||||||
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Name | Kennedy Memorial landscape | ||||||
Location |
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Localisation | Latitude: 51.445270 Longitude: -0.56816233 National Grid Reference: SU9960472781 Map: Download a full scale map (PDF) |
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Overview | Heritage Category: Park and Garden Grade: II List Entry Number: 1467672 Date first listed: 18-Aug-2020 Location Description:Located approximately 340m south-west of the National Trust car park on the A308 Windsor Road, Runnymede, Egham. The memorial is at NGR SU9958072778. |
President John F Kennedy (1917-1963) was assassinated in Dallas on 22 November 1963.
One of the first symbols of the adventurous and youthful spirit that came to characterise
the 1960s, his death was one of the first catastrophic events to be reported worldwide
on television – aired within 40 minutes of the event. At a time of Cold War tensions
the assassination shocked the western world and prompted a great outpouring of grief,
reflecting Kennedy’s great charisma and world position, if not solid achievements,
in his 22 months in office.
In memoriam, on 5 December 1963 Sir Alec Douglas-Home, the Prime Minister, announced
that there would be a British memorial, and the Lord Mayor of London, Sir James Harman,
established an appeal for funds. Most of the money was used to establish scholarships
for British graduates to study in the United States, but under the John F Kennedy
Memorial Act 1964 an acre of land (actually a fraction more but less than the 'three
acres or thereabouts' stated in the Act) near the Magna Carta memorial at Runnymede
was granted to the American people. The land at Runnymede was traditionally associated
with the history of democracy, but had only been saved from development with houses
in 1929 when it was acquired by a local resident and former MP, Urban Broughton, Lord
Fairhaven and gifted to the National Trust in 1931 by his widow Cara, herself an American.
In 1957 the American Bar Association had erected a memorial on the rising ground overlooking
the water meadows by the River Thames commemorating the Magna Carta, designed by Edward
Maufe, architect of Guildford Cathedral. The Magna Carta was an agreement sealed between
King John, his barons and clergy on 15 June 1215 that made the monarch subject to
the laws of the land and gave freemen the right to justice and a fair trial. In subsequent
centuries it has influenced many constitutional documents, including the American
Bill of Rights, so Americans claimed historic links with the area.
The acre of land granted by the Government is invested in the Kennedy Memorial Trust,
but lies within 298 acres of open land belonging to the National Trust that provides
a deeply historical setting. The completed work was unveiled by the Queen and jointly
dedicated by her and Jacqueline Kennedy (who planted a scarlet oak tree) on 14 May
1965, although the site had welcomed 250,000 visitors in the summer of 1964. In 1968
the memorial stone was damaged by a bomb in protest against the Vietnam War and subsequently
repaired by the artist.
(Sir) Geoffrey Alan Jellicoe (1900-1996) was born in London, where he was brought
up largely by his mother, an artist and embroiderer. He was educated at Cheltenham
School and the Architectural Association, but it was a trip to Italy with a fellow
student, Jock Shepherd, that introduced him to the power of landscape architecture.
He published on landscapes, initially with Shepherd, and produced a series of landscapes
for influential private clients during the 1930s, inspired by both classicism and
modernism. His work at Ditchley Park (List entry number 1000463, Grade II*) is but
one example. However, he also worked as an architect and was principal of the Architectural
Association in 1939-1942; indeed in 1945 he was considered an expert in housing design
and contributed the central housing area to the Festival of Britain’s Live Architecture
exhibition at Lansbury in 1951. Thereafter he took on more landscape work, ranging
from a fifty-year plan for the Hope Cement Works in Derbyshire to a rooftop garden
at Harvey’s department store in Guildford (List entry number 1001474, Grade II). His
snake-like water gardens at Hemel Hempstead (List entry number 1001710, Grade II)
gave him the opportunity to explore allegorical themes, but it was the Kennedy Memorial
that provided the chance to ‘put a subconscious idea into a work, so that it is more
important and more lasting than the purely visual impression the eye receives’ (Harvey,
Reflections, p.17).
Jellicoe described the commission as follows in ‘Soundings’: ‘In 1963 [sic, early
1964 is more likely] came the commission for the Kennedy Memorial at Runnymede, and
for the first time I was challenged to take seriously the concept of the subconscious.
Was it possible to bury a great invisible idea within a modest visible world? I now
turned to literature for help and found in Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress the study of
Life, Death and Spirit; and this majestic saga, unseen and unrecognisable intellectually,
is embodied in the landscape’.
‘Grappling with forces of the subconscious that might be figments of my imagination,
I now sought out Jung for guidance, and found it. With the knowledge confirmed that
the subconscious within us lives a life independent of the conscious, we now re-enter
this strange land of shadows’.
The allegory of the Pilgrim’s Progress drew him towards Jung’s theories of the subconscious,
the idea that everyone is born with a certain inherited knowledge and imagery. The
referencing can be regarded as an early example of post-modernism.
Thereafter Jellicoe took on increasing amounts of conservation work, seeing old and
new landscapes as a seamless whole, and produced landscape plans for Gloucester and
the Isles of Scilly. He was also a noted art collector and made friendships with Henry
Moore and Ben Nicholson, whose work he incorporated in his own schemes, as at Sutton
Place, Surrey (List entry number 1001554, Grade II*). This is one of a series of major
works from his last years, which were among his most productive, including gardens
in 1970-1980 at Shute for Michael and Lady Anne Tree, the son and daughter-in-law
of his clients from the 1930s at Ditchley Park, and works in America.
Jellicoe was awarded gold medals by landscape institutes in the United States (1981),
Britain (1985) and Australia (1990) and received the Royal Horticultural Society’s
Victora medal of honour in 1995. In 1961 he was appointed CBE and he was knighted
in 1979.
A memorial landscape commemorating President John F Kennedy (1917-1963) created for
the British government and Kennedy Memorial Trust in 1964-1965 by Geoffrey Jellicoe.
The landscape, set on a hill to the west of the Runnymede water meadows, is of three
parts: a woodland area with a path with 50 steps leading up the hill to the memorial,
the memorial itself set in a glade, and a sitting area set in meadowland, with long
views across the River Thames.
LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, LANDFORM AND SETTING
Runnymede is a series of water meadows on the south-west side of the River Thames
between Windsor and Egham. The water meadow below the Kennedy Memorial is properly
known as the Long Mede. They are traditionally associated with the signing of the
Magna Carta, along with Magna Carta Island in the river. Lady Fairhaven and her sons
donated 188 acres (76 ha) to the National Trust in 1929, to which in 1963 Egham Urban
District Council added 110 acres (45 ha) of woodland on Coopers Hill, which rises
sharply from the river and is topped by the Commonwealth Air Forces Memorial.
Overlooking the river and alluvial waterlogged water meadows, the north part of Cooper’s
Hill, known as Cooper’s Hill Slopes, is an area of Bagshot sands partly overlain by
London clay, traditionally an area of deciduous woodland. Part of the slopes are designated
as a Site of Special Scientific Interest and site of Nature Conservation Interest,
for its ancient semi-natural woodland.
The 1.2 acres (0.486 ha) of the Kennedy Memorial is bounded by a timber post-and-rail
fence along the eastern entrance boundary, metal railings along the northern edge
of the woodland and north-west and western boundary of the site and by barbed wire
and hedgerows along the southern boundary of the woodland. The eastern boundary, overlooking
Long Mede, has a ha-ha so as not to disturb views out, for it was important that there
should be no apparent barriers between American and British soil.
ENTRANCES, APPROACHES AND VIEWS
The single entrance is through a wicket gate from paths across the water meadows from
Windsor Road and the National Trust’s car park by Lutyens’s lodges to the north.
The woodland part of the landscape is deliberately self-contained, but from the path
‘Jacob’s Ladder’ and the two seats, specifically placed in meadowland at its end,
there are views to the north-east across the Thames valley.
STRUCTURES
The memorial stone (List entry number 1031592, listed Grade II) is a seven-ton block
of Portland stone, 3m long and 1.5m high, on a granite base, carved from a fourteen-ton
block with a slight entasis to correct optical distortion and to give the impression
of a great weight floating above the ground. Jellicoe described the stone as ‘a catafalque
balanced on the shoulders of the populace’ (in Spens, Complete Works, p.93). He asked
the sculptor, Alan Collins, to spread the lettering across the entire stone to make
it appear less like an inscription. The words include a quotation from the Declaration
of Freedom made by President Kennedy as part of his inaugural address in 1961: ‘THIS
ACRE OF ENGLISH GROUND WAS GIVEN/ TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY/ THE PEOPLE OF
BRITAIN IN MEMORY OF/ JOHN F. KENNEDY/, BORN 29 MAY 1917/ PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES 1961-63/ DIED BY AN ASSASSIN’S HAND 22 NOVEMBER 1963/ “LET EVERY NATION KNOW
WHETHER IT WISHES US WELL OR ILL/ THAT WE SHALL PAY ANY PRICE BEAR ANY BURDEN MEET
ANY HARDSHIP/ SUPPORT ANY FRIEND OR OPPOSE ANY FOE IN ORDER TO ASSURE/ THE SURVIVAL
AND SUCCESS OF LIBERTY” from the inaugural address/ of President Kennedy 20 January
1961’.
The memorial also includes two benches of Portland stone set to the north-west.
LANDSCAPING
The existing landscape on which the memorial was laid out comprised deciduous woodland
and grassland, with hawthorn hedgerows, to which conifers and rhododendrons had been
added in the C19. The rhododendrons have subsequently been removed. Geoffrey Jellicoe
had established himself as Britain’s leading landscape architect by 1964, and the
memorial occupies a pivotal place in his work, where he first began to explore the
subconscious. He conceived the memorial as a journey from the open meadow by the river,
through a dark glade of woodland trees, to a clearing and thence to a viewing platform,
set in meadowland, with long views across the English countryside, where in contrast
to the intensity of the memorial stone you can see the richness of British life, history
and democracy unveiled before you. Jellicoe’s immediate inspiration was John Bunyan’s
'Pilgrim’s Progress' allegory of the progress through life, but the design owes something
to C16 interpretations of allegorical landscapes and Japanese garden design. He also
acknowledged the inspiration of paintings by Giovanni Bellini for the relationship
between natural landscape and precise geometry and by Giorgionne for the duality of
its composition. He received the commission from the British Government a few days
before making his first visit to Japan, where he came on the idea of a landscape as
a continuous progress and to appreciate the Japanese reverence for inanimate objects
such as beautifully crafted pieces of stone. He wrote that ‘this highly sophisticated
and precise design is fitted into a landscape that is very much the reverse … There
is no compromise of neatly cut grass and trim flower beds … Much is known about the
creation of a normal public park or garden, but little as yet about the re-creation
of natural scenery in such a way that it survives the human element.’ For Jellicoe
‘The Kennedy Memorial became my own adventure into a new field, of Allegory’ (Spens,
Complete Works, p.92).
As the pilgrim passes through the wicket gate from the meadow, they enter the allegory
of life, death and spirit and begin to climb a steep pathway formed of some 50,000
individually hewn setts of Portuguese granite, symbolic of the multitude of pilgrims,
laid dry save for the risers to make 50 steps, one for each of the American states.
Jellicoe asked the stonemason not to lay the setts too regularly, but ‘like the crowds
at a football match, where each one is an individual’ (Harvey, Reflections, p.18).
In the C21 the setts of the pathway were augmented in places by a border of large
pebbles in order to provide a wider surface to the path.
The woodland, reminiscent of Dante’s ‘dark wood’ and representing the cycle of life
as well as the virility and mystery of nature along with the passing seasons, was
an existing mixed English woodland, which had been lightly managed by the National
Trust to appear as natural as possible. Trees include ash, field maple, hazels and
oaks. Jellicoe allowed some trees to survive beyond their reasonable maturity to emphasise
the life cycle, and thickened the existing rhododendrons since it was important that
there should be no views out until the pilgrim reaches the top. This effect has since
been diluted with the removal of the rhododendrons. A number of diseased trees have
been felled, or left as monoliths, in recent years.
The granite setts widen and shallow steps of Portland stone make a pausing space ahead
of the clearing where the formal monument stands. The monument itself, also of Portland
stone, is already listed (see above). Beside it is a hawthorn tree, symbol of Kennedy’s
Catholicism and harking back to the legend that Joseph of Arimathea planted his staff
at Glastonbury, whence are descended all English thorn trees. The original tree was
replaced in 2018. Behind the stone the American scarlet oak Quercus coccinea was chosen
by Jellicoe since it turns a vivid red in late November at the time of Kennedy’s death,
and was planted by Jacqueline Kennedy.
To the north of the stone block a terrace walk, separated from the monument and formed
of large Portland stone paving slabs set with an uneven edge, leads out of the wood
north-westwards. It leads to two stone ‘seats of contemplation’ at the top of short
flights of stone slab steps, set in open meadowland on the side of the hill and backed
by thorn bushes, with views to the north-east across the Thames valley west of London.
For Jellicoe it symbolised Jacob’s Ladder (as denoted in his drawing and representing
the path between heaven and earth) or a walk into the future as well as a place of
contemplation. He marked the seats as ‘the president and consort’ (First Lady), or
as a King and Queen inspired by the figures by Henry Moore at Shawhead. The ha-ha
of an earth bank and ditch (with metal railings in the ditch) separating the site
from the surrounding countryside runs parallel to the path, but below it so as to
make as little impact as possible. The whole site is symbolic of the special relationship
between Britain and the United States, which was particularly close in the 1960s.
The Architectural Review of October 1965, p.286 describes how the hill was to be maintained
as rough grass ‘and will be maintained as such to match the cattle-grazed surrounding
pasture, so that the whole countryside, the variously planted and broadly treated
hillside together with what can be seen from it – a partly formalized and evocative
sample of the natural landscape – is itself the memorial’.
A memorial landscape commemorating President John F Kennedy (1917-1963) created for the British government and Kennedy Memorial Trust in 1964-1965 by Geoffrey Jellicoe. The landscape, set on a hill to the west of the Runnymede water meadows, is of three parts: a woodland area with a path with 50 steps leading up the hill to the memorial, the memorial itself set in a glade, and a sitting area set in meadowland, with long views across the River Thames.
This garden or other land is registered under the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 within the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens by Historic England for its special historic interest.
The Kennedy Memorial landscape, designed by (Sir) Geoffrey Jellicoe in 1964-1965 to
commemorate President John F Kennedy is registered at Grade II for the following principal
reasons:
Historic interest:
* as a memorial to President Kennedy, a figure of international significance during
the early 1960s, and for the light it sheds on Anglo-American relations during this
period;
* as a part of the historic landscape of Runnymede with its associations with the
development of democratic government.
Design interest:
* for its carefully considered design, employing the existing landscape with introduced
hard landscaping elements of high quality, providing an allegorical narrative partly
based upon ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress’;
* as a key work in the career of Geoffrey Jellicoe, Britain’s best-known post-war
landscape architect, in which he moved towards a greater use of symbolism and subconscious
associations in landscape design.
Survival:
* the original design is largely unaltered.
Group value:
* for its strong links with other designated C20 monuments and memorials within the
landscape at Runnymede.
Books and journals
Campbell, Katie (Author), Icons of Twentieth-Century Landscape, (2007), 102-5
Adams, WH (Author), Grounds for Change, Major Gardens of the Twentieth Century, (1994), 169
Jellicoe, Geoffrey (Author), The Studies of a Landscape Designer over 80 Years, vol.3, Studies in Landscape Design, (1996), 182-93
Moggridge, Hal (Author), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe, (2004)
Spens, M, The Complete Landscape Designs and Gardens of Geoffrey Jellicoe, (1994), 92-7
.., ., '‘Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe’ (interview)' in Harvey, Sheila, Reflections on Landscape, The lives and work of six British landscape architects, (1987), 7-18
'Landscape Memorial' in Architectural Review, , Vol. 138, no.824, (October 1965), 286-7
Bradley-Hole, K, 'A Piece of America besides the Thames' in Country Life, , Vol. 194, no.40, (5 October 2000), 88-91
Richardson, Tim, 'Great British Garden-makers: Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe' in Country Life, , Vol. 205, no.16, (20 April 2011), 274-5
Websites
Gardenvisit.Com - The Landscape Guide: Tom Turner, Jellicoe's Subconscious Approach to Landscape Design, accessed 30 October 2019 from https://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/garden_landscape_design_articles/designers/geoffrey_alan_jellicoe_subconscious
London Remembers -Monument: John F. Kennedy memorial, Runnymede, accessed 30 October 2019 from https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/john-f-kennedy-memorial-runnymede
The Telegraph - Gardening: The JFK memorial at Runnymede is fit to stand forever, accessed 30 October 2019 from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/gardenstovisit/10451578/The-JFK-memorial-at-Runnymede-is-fit-to-stand-forever.html
Other
Sheila Harvey, ed., Landscape Design Trust Monograph no.1, Geoffrey Jellicoe (1998), pp.95-103