Identification and description | |||||||
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Name | CROWCOMBE COURT | ||||||
Location |
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Localisation | Latitude: 51.131536 Longitude: -3.2271275 National Grid Reference: ST1423237634 Map: Download a full scale map (PDF) |
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Overview | Heritage Category: Park and Garden Grade: II List Entry Number: 1001143 Date first listed: 01-Jun-1984 |
Early C18 gardens and parkland which were remodelled in the second half of the C18
with picturesque walks and a group of follies.
HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT
The manor of Crowcombe Biccombe or Carew was acquired in 1568 by Thomas Carew (d 1604)
in right of his wife, Elizabeth Biccombe. A manor house had existed since at least
the late C13, and in 1676 John Carew (d 1686), great-grandson of Thomas, laid out
a court and gardens around this house (VCH 1985). In 1724, John Carew's great-grandson,
Thomas (d 1766), who had inherited the estate in 1719, demolished the old manor house
and built a new mansion on a new site c 250m from the original house. The new house
was begun to designs by Thomas Parker of Gittisham, Devon, and completed by 1739 to
the design of Nathaniel Ireson of Wincanton, at a cost of approximately £6000 (Wilson
and Mackley 2000), funded by selling six manors. New formal gardens and terraces were
laid out to provide a setting for the house, with a walled garden to the south between
the house and church. The park was extended and avenues and boundary plantations established
(VCH 1985). The effect of these works is shown in a painting dated c 1735 (CL 1933).
Thomas Carew died in 1766, leaving Crowcombe to his son-in-law, James Bernard (d 1805).
During the second half of the C18, Bernard removed the formal gardens and replaced
them with informal lawns. The avenues in the park were partially removed, and a series
of picturesque walks connecting a group of follies was laid out beside a stream in
a wooded combe north of the house.
James Bernard was succeeded in 1811 by his late wife's cousin, Mary, wife of George
Warrington, who subsequently assumed the name Carew. In 1886, Mary Carew's great-grandson,
E G Carew, died without children and the estate passed to his sister, Mrs R C Trollope
(d 1934). Mrs Trollope was succeeded in turn by her grandsons, A J Trollope-Bellew
(d 1942) and Major T F Trollope-Bellew. In 1963 the central section of the house was
damaged by fire and subsequently the house and pleasure grounds passed through several
hands. Following a brief period of use as a school in the 1970s, the house and service
wings were sold into separate ownership, with the main house being used as a nursing
home. The house reverted to private ownership in 1999 and is now (2002) being restored.
The site remains in divided private ownership.
DESCRIPTION
LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, LANDFORM, SETTING Crowcombe Court is situated to the north-east
of the village of Crowcombe, c 200m north of the parish church. The c 95ha site comprises
some 5ha of gardens and pleasure grounds, and c 90ha of parkland and ornamental plantations.
To the south the site adjoins the village street and the churchyard associated with
the parish church, from which it is separated by stone walls, while to the south-east
the boundary is formed by hedges separating the park from a minor road leading from
Crowcombe to Nether Stowey. The boundaries to the east, north and west are similarly
formed by hedges, banks, and ditches which separate the park from adjoining heath
and agricultural land. The site slopes steeply from north-east to south-west, with
a steep-sided wooded combe extending from north-east to south-west c 300m north of
the house. The ground also falls towards the eastern boundary, which follows the line
of Crowcombe Combe. There are extensive views south, west, and north-west from the
upper areas of the park across surrounding agricultural land and north-west towards
the north Somerset coast. There is also a significant view north from the village
street adjacent to the church towards the south facade of the house.
ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES Crowcombe Court is approached from the village street to
the south, at a point immediately west of the parish church. The entrance comprises
a pair of square ashlar piers under pyramidal caps which are flanked to east and west
by low stone walls surmounted by spear-headed wrought-iron railings. From the entrance
the tarmac drive follows a straight course c 170m north-north-west to reach a gravelled
forecourt with geometrical panels of lawn below the south facade of the house. The
drive is adjoined by narrow grass verges and mixed hedges which separate it from the
park to the east, and an area of orchard and kitchen gardens to the west. A service
drive follows the south-west boundary of the site, leaving the village street at a
point c 150m west of the principal entrance and extending c 200m north-north-west
to reach the monumental stable court below the west facade of the house (listed grade
I with Crowcombe Court). The service drive is adjoined to the east by C18 brick walls
enclosing the west side of the kitchen garden.
A further entrance to the site is situated on the north-east boundary at a point c
300m north-north-west of Crowcombe Combe Gate on the minor road forming the south-east
boundary of the park. Approached from the road by a track, this entrance, known as
Crowcombe Park Gate, comprises a pair of square rendered piers under flat caps which
support a timber carriage gate. A single-storey Gothic-style lodge, probably of late
C18 or early C19 construction (extended C20), stands immediately west of the entrance.
From the entrance, a contoured track sweeps south-west and west-south-west through
an avenue of mature beech before entering an area of woodland. It formerly continued
south-west and south to reach the north side of the house, but no trace of the drive
survives within the pleasure grounds (2003).
PRINCIPAL BUILDING Crowcombe Court (listed grade I) stands on a level site below the
south-west-facing wooded slope of the park, adjacent to the south-west boundary of
the site. The house comprises two storeys and an attic and is constructed in red brick
with Bath and local stone dressings under a principally lead roof concealed behind
parapets. The south or entrance facade has a monumental, centrally placed pediment
rising above the line of the parapet, with a central Venetian window lighting the
attic. The pediment is supported by giant pilasters surmounted by composite capitals.
The centrally placed door is approached by a flight of balustraded stone steps. The
north facade is of similar design, while the east facade is plainer. The west facade
overlooks the stable court. A rusticated arcade gives access to the basement at ground
level due to the slope of the land, while similarly arcaded quadrant wings connect
the house to the two-storey stable block to the south of the court and the kitchen
block to the north, both of which have integral coach houses. Monumental pedimented
arches lead south-east to the carriage court, while that to the north-east is blind
due to the slope of the ground beyond. A short, two-storey range extending from the
south-west corner of the south facade disguises the quadrant and east end of the stables
(Pevsner 1958; VCH 1985).
The stable and kitchen blocks were begun in 1723, using materials from the old manor
house (largely demolished in 1724), and were covered by 1725. These blocks, which
contained habitable rooms, and the basement of the main house (probably begun c 1725)
were designed by Thomas Parker of Gittisham, Devon, but he fell out with Carew. In
1734 Carew commissioned Nathaniel Ireson of Wincanton, Somerset to complete the building.
The roof appears to have been finished by 1727, while the final fitting-up seems to
have been accomplished by 1739 (VCH 1985). The interior was provided with elaborate
rococo plasterwork and chimneypieces. It is said that in the late C19, Edward Barry
was commissioned to make some internal alterations, and also to form the steps leading
to the south door (ibid). Following a fire in 1963 which damaged the staircase in
the central section of the house, the building and its immediate grounds were sold
to a succession of private and institutional owners before being converted into a
nursing home in the 1980s, when a new lead roof was installed. It returned to private
ownership in 1999.
GARDENS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS The informal pleasure grounds are situated principally
to the east and north of the house. Areas of informal lawn are planted with groups
of ornamental shrubs and specimen trees, many of C19 or early C20 character. The lawns
are separated from an area of south-west-facing sloping parkland to the north-east
by metal fences. A carriage drive formerly led north from the house, passing through
a further area of lawns and ornamental planting to the east of the service yards,
to enter an extensive area of mixed ornamental plantation c 250m north of the house.
This drive survives in the woodland as a track which divides c 300m north-north-east
of the house, one branch ascending north-east through the plantation and park to reach
Crowcombe Park Gate, and the other leading north-north-east into a steep-sided wooded
combe. A stream flowing from north-east to south-west through this combe is dammed
to form a series of picturesque pools and cascades. A circuit of walks on the south-east-facing
slope of the valley incorporates The Convent (listed grade II) as a picturesque incident.
This cruciform structure takes the form of a ruined gothic chapel and incorporates
some genuine medieval tracery and doors which derive either from Halsway Manor, Stogumber,
or from the earlier manor house at Crowcombe (listed building description; VCH 1985).
Some 100m north-east of The Convent, a rustic stone bridge (1776, listed grade II)
constructed in sandstone and coursed flint carries the walk to the north-west-facing
side of the valley. Descending south-west parallel to the stream, the walk passes
through a rustic stone arch before rejoining the north-east drive. The remains of
an icehouse survive by the stream.
The mixed ornamental plantation extends south-east from the north-west boundary of
the site, through the combe and across the south-west-facing slope north-east of the
house to the south-east boundary of the site. From the north-east drive leading to
Crowcombe Park Gate, a series of contoured walks lead south-east through the plantation
to form a further circuit. Park Cottage, a C19 structure, stands on one of the lower
walks overlooking the lower park.
The pleasure grounds probably assumed their present form from 1766, when James Bernard
is believed to have remodelled a formal landscape which had been laid out by Thomas
Carew from c 1734. Bernard was responsible for forming the picturesque pleasure grounds
and constructing the follies in the combe north-north-east of the house, and for laying
out the walks through the plantation to the north-east of the house. Some of these
walks may relate to the early C18 terraces formed on this slope by Thomas Carew, which
are shown in a painting of c 1735 (CL 1933). James Bernard is also believed to have
removed a walled garden to the south of the house which had been constructed by Carew,
and a terrace which extended below the south facade (VCH 1985; CL 1933); these features
are also shown in the painting of c 1735. The pleasure grounds are shown in essentially
their present form on the mid C19 Tithe map (1843).
PARK The park comprises two distinct areas to the east and north-east of the house.
The lower park is separated from the upper park by the mixed ornamental plantation
extending across the south-west-facing slope above the house. The gently sloping lower
park comprises pasture planted with scattered specimen trees and ascends to the south-west
boundary of the plantation.
The upper park, to the north and east of the plantation, occupies undulating high
ground towards the summit of the south-west-facing ridge. A boundary plantation comprising
mature beech extends along the south-east and east boundary of the park adjoining
Crowcombe Combe, while further, more open mixed plantations extend along the northern
boundary. The upper park comprises grass and bracken with scattered pines. The high
ground to the north-east is more open, while a spur of mixed plantation ascends to
the head of the stream flowing through the combe north-east of the house. A formal
arrangement of trees comprising two widely spaced parallel rows on high ground c 500m
north-east of the house may relate to the early C18 formal avenues shown extending
into the upper park on the painting of c 1735 (CL 1933; OS 1904).
Sir John Carew (d 1637) was licensed to impark land and create a warren at Crowcombe
in 1616, although it is possible that this was a restoration rather than a new creation
(Bond 1998). The north, east, and south-east boundaries of the upper park appear to
comprise a form of park pale and ditch which may relate to the C17 park, but Thomas
Carew is said to have extended the park in the mid C18 and planted the ornamental
and boundary plantations (VCH 1985; CL 1933). The park is shown in essentially its
present form on the mid C19 Tithe map (1843).
KITCHEN GARDEN The kitchen garden is situated to the south-west of the house and to
the south of the stable court. The garden is enclosed by high early or mid C18 brick
walls to the north and east, and rendered coursed stone walls to the south and west.
A smaller area of garden to the east of the walled enclosure had an ornamental layout
in the early C20 but this does not survive today (2003). A range of C19 conservatories
standing against the south-facing wall of the stables (CL 1933) was demolished c 1990
when the potting shed was converted to residential use (Dr Smith pers comm, 2003).
The larger, western garden is today laid to grass; in the early C20 it also contained
a range of glasshouses (OS 1904) and was in productive cultivation. The kitchen gardens
appear to have formed part of the scheme of formal enclosures laid out to the south
of the house by Thomas Carew in the early C18 and are shown on the painting of c 1735
(CL 1933).
REFERENCES
Country Life, 73 (22 April 1933), pp 414-19; (29 April 1933), pp 442-7 N Pevsner,
The Buildings of England: South and West Somerset (1958), pp 142-3 Victoria History
of the County of Somerset V, (1985), pp 54-8 J Bond, Somerset Parks and Gardens (1998),
pp 57, 73 R Wilson and A Mackley, The Building of the English Country House 1660-1880
(2000), p 224
Maps Survey of Crowcombe, 1796 (DD/TB (C/1094)), (Somerset Record Office) Tithe map
for Crowcombe parish, 1843 (M5130/1), (Somerset Record Office)
OS 6" to 1 mile: 2nd edition revised 1902, published 1904
Illustrations Crowcombe Court from the south-east, c 1735 (reproduced in CL 1933)
Archival items Trollope-Bellew archive, including Carew family papers, estate accounts,
surveys, C18-C19 (DD/TB), (Somerset Record Office)
Personal communication from Dr Patricia J Smith, May 2003
Description written: February 2003 Amended: March 2003, July 2003 Register Inspector:
DAL Edited: January 2005
This garden or other land is registered under the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 within the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens by Historic England for its special historic interest.