Identification and description | |||||||
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Name | Garden at 1 Castle Hill (formerly Wantage) | ||||||
Location |
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Localisation | Latitude: 52.348906 Longitude: -1.5876087 National Grid Reference: SP2818872395 Map: Download a full scale map (PDF) |
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Overview | Heritage Category: Park and Garden Grade: II List Entry Number: 1435329 Date first listed: 12-Oct-2016 Location Description: Statutory Address 1: 1 Castle Hill, Kenilworth, Warwick, Warks |
Wantage and its gardens were designed by Herbert Buckland (1869-1951). Buckland was
a Birmingham architect, articled in 1885 to a quantity surveyor, Henry Clere, whilst
studying at the Municipal School of Art. He joined the Birmingham Architectural Association,
and through this came into contact with Charles Edward Bateman, part of a significant
family of Birmingham architects, working with his father in the firm of Bateman and
Bateman. Buckland worked in the offices of Bateman and Bateman from 1891 to 1895,
in which year he set up in practice with Henry Clere, but by 1897 he was in independent
practice. In 1899, he joined in partnership with Edward Heywood-Farmer (1871-1917),
creating the new firm of Buckland and Farmer, which was to become well-known for its
Arts and Crafts buildings, along with the likes of William Bidlake, and Bateman and
Bateman, also working in Birmingham. Buckland worked alongside William Bidlake when
the two were teaching at the Birmingham School of Art; certainly Buckland’s work shares
many characteristics with Bidlake’s buildings. Buckland and Farmer worked primarily
in the Birmingham area, but also undertook commissions as far away as Suffolk, Glasgow,
Barnsley and Wales. They principally designed houses for wealthy industrialists and
professionals, and school buildings, but their work also extended to commercial and
industrial premises. Buckland and Farmer’s domestic work appears to have been largely
designed by Buckland. Their output from 1899-1911 included more than fifteen mid-sized
detached houses, including Buckland’s own house, 21 Yateley Road, in Edgbaston, Birmingham
(1899), a fine example of an Arts and Crafts house of this period, influenced by C17
domestic building, which is listed at Grade I.
The house was built in 1900-1, to designs by Herbert Buckland of Buckland and Farmer,
for Charlotte, widow of Aaron Lufkin Dennison, an important pioneer of mass-production
watchmaking, who became known as the father of the American watch industry, and her
daughter Ethie, who was the primary force behind the building of the house. Dennison
had moved from his native United States of America to Birmingham in 1871, setting
up the Anglo-American Watch Company. After Aaron’s death in 1895, at which time the
family was living in West Bromwich, the Dennisons bought land on Castle Hill in Kenilworth,
at the edge of the Abbey Fields.
The land now occupied by Wantage and the other houses along this stretch of Castle
Hill was formerly part of Kenilworth Abbey. After the Dissolution the abbey precinct
and the land belonging to it were leased to Andrew Flammock, whose descendent John
Colbourne sold the land on to Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in 1581. Dudley had
been granted the Castle Manor of Kenilworth in 1562, and this brought the castle and
abbey lands into single ownership, in which they stayed until the end of the C19.
In 1665 the Crown granted Kenilworth of Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, and the
estate remained in the hands of his descendants, the Earls of Clarendon. In 1883,
the fifth Earl offered to sell the Abbey Fields to the local Board of Health for public
open space. The Board sought permission to apply for a loan of £12,000, with the aim
of raising the remainder of the £16,000 purchase price by the sale of some of the
land for development. This funding plan was abandoned when it emerged that the terms
would require any funds raised by sale for development to be used to repay the loan.
The response of the Board was to renegotiate to purchase only the inner part of the
Abbey Fields for public space, for £6,000; four of the board members then formed a
trust, which raised a loan to purchase the remainder. They built Forrest Road along
the southern boundary of the Abbey Fields and gave some land to the churchwardens
to enlarge the churchyard at the NE corner of the site. Building plots were then laid
out along the N side of Abbey Fields, along Castle Road, and in the SW corner along
Castle Road. Various restrictive covenants were placed on the land, to ensure consistency
of building lines, and to ensure the quality of development: on each plot, a single
house was to be built to the value of £1,000, or a pair of semi-detached houses worth
£1,500. Not all of the plots were purchased for building, and in 1888, those remaining
were bought between three of the trustees, who eventually transferred much of the
undeveloped land to Urban District Council to form part of the public open space of
the Abbey Fields.
Three plots on the N side of Abbey Fields, along Castle Hill, fell in 1888 to George
Marshall Turner, one of the trustees. Plots 11 and 12, and part of plot 10, would
later be occupied by the house and gardens of Wantage. Plot 11, the central of the
three, was purchased by the Dennisons in 1899, and it is on this plot that the house
was constructed in 1901. The adjacent plot, plot 12, was purchased in the same year,
and it seems from the design of the house that it was always the intention of Ethie
Dennison to own this plot, as she had the formal rooms in the western end of the house
well-provided with large windows looking out to the west, apparently to accommodate
her strong desire always to be able to see Kenilworth Castle. Had there been the possibility
of plot 12 being developed with the construction of another large house, the windows
carefully placed on the western elevation, with a prominent carved datestone to the
first floor, would, rather than giving some of the prime views from Wantage, have
uncomfortably closely overlooked those of the adjacent dwelling. Plot 10 was, and
remains, partly occupied by a row of cottages which were evidently intended to be
swept away when the area was developed, though in the event, that closest to Wantage
was taken on by Ethie Dennison and run as a charitable enterprise, and all three survive.
By the time of a valuation inspection in 1913, she was renting part of plot 10, and
soon after purchased the larger part of it, as it was included in her will in 1914.
The remainder of the plot, apart from small gardens for the other two cottages in
the row adjacent to that purchased by Ethie was returned to the Abbey Fields.
The gardens created for Wantage by Ethie Dennison and Herbert Buckland were divided
into a series of compartments, or rooms, for different functions, with different characters.
In common with other gardens for Arts and Crafts houses, which stressed the integration
of house and garden, the house and gardens were designed as a piece. To the front
of the house, to the western side of the entrance court, was a large rose garden;
beyond this, an orchard. A large terrace extended to the rear of the house, accommodating
the slope of the garden. The kitchen garden was to the east. Retaining walls with
flights of steps between them created a further terrace aligned on the house to the
rear, leading down to a formal lawn. These are shown in a photograph accompanying
an article in The Studio of 1905, which comments on the way in which the architect
had recognised the importance of the gardens in setting off the house. Further compartments
extended across the rest of the gardens, some created by walls, others by hedging.
Ordnance Survey maps published in 1903, 1925 and 1936 show the progression of the
gardens. The gardens were still under construction in 1903, though much of the layout
was already in place – the orchard is marked, as are most of the retaining walls of
the upper and lower terraces, though the rear wall of the upper terrace has yet to
be built. The garden appears to have been completed shortly after this. By 1925, the
terracing is shown complete.
A surveyor from the Valuation Office, visiting in 1913, found that £5,200 had been
spent on the purchase of the site, building the house, and the laying out and stocking
of the gardens, which were clearly complete by this time. The building value of the
house was given as £3,747; the garden walls were valued at £300, the fruit trees at
£50, and the other plants bought to stock the garden at £100.
The basic layout of the garden appears to have altered little since the 1925 Ordnance
Survey map was surveyed. A garage was constructed to the east of the house in circa
1936, shown on the 1939 map. In recent years the garden has become overgrown beyond
the house terrace and the first terrace to the rear.
A suburban Arts and Crafts garden for Wantage, a house built in 1901, laid out circa
1901-5, by Herbert Buckland, architect, and Ethie Dennison, owner.
LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, LANDFORM, SETTING The garden is situated in the town of
Kenilworth, accessed from Castle Hill. The garden at Wantage covers a roughly rectangular
area of approximately 0.57ha, and occupies land which slopes steeply downwards from
Castle Hill at its northern boundary, towards the southern boundary, where it adjoins
the Abbey Fields, the remains of the former Kenilworth Abbey site, now a public park.
The garden also slopes less steeply from the house towards the eastern boundary.The
garden is bounded on either side by the gardens of the adjoining houses. The northern
boundary is walled. The site lies within the former boundary of the Abbey precincts,
and approximately 175m ENE of Kenilworth Castle.
ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES The site is accessed from Castle Hill, the road running to
the north of the garden. The garden is walled to the pavement, and has two pedestrian
gateways (one now blocked) and one double-gated vehicular access.
PRINCIPAL BUILDING The garden serves the Grade II-listed house known as Wantage (sometimes
referred to as The Wantage), an Arts and Crafts house built in 1901 to designs by
Herbert Buckland of Buckland and Farmer, architects of Birmingham. The house is of
two storeys, basement and attic, with a recessed porch at the south-west corner forming
a verandah with built-in seating.
GARDENS The garden is divided into compartments, or rooms, each with its own character
or function. To account for the steep slope away to the south to the rear of the house,
and the shallower slope to the west, the gardens are terraced. To the front of the
house, the eastern side is an entrance court, with a driveway leading to the recessed
front porch and a small outbuilding to the left, which is linked to the house by a
wall housing a gate to the garden. The driveway is divided from the garden by a narrow
flower bed. The western side of the front garden is devoted to a rose garden, which
is lower than the driveway and separated from it by a grass bank creating a level
garden beyond, with a short flight of three stone steps down. The rose beds are circular,
within lawn. To the western edge of this area is a low wall of brick with plain capping,
and a short flight of steps down into the orchard, which occupies the NW compartment
of the garden. The orchard has a holly hedge at its southern boundary, above retaining
walls to the next compartment to the south, which along with the area further south,
is also overgrown; this was used latterly as a vegetable garden.
The lawned area continues on a level with the rose garden along the W side of the
house, and returns along the rear of the house, level with the basement windows. The
terrace to the rear is formed by walls, the retaining portion built in stone, with
brick parapets above. The face of the parapet wall towards the house is rendered.
A flight of stone steps down to the next terrace is set centrally, aligned on the
rear of the house; it has square-section brick piers with plain capping and flattened
stone ball finials, and matching walls. A sundial stands towards the eastern end of
the terrace. The E end is bowed out, and carries a flight of stone steps down to the
small service court, in front of the lower-ground floor entrance to the service range.
Beyond the service court, a wall divides the upper part of the former kitchen garden
(on part of which a garage was built in the 1930s) from the formal gardens. The kitchen
gardens are further separated from the formal gardens by hedging moving southwards
down the slope of the rear garden. At the time of inspection (March 2016) the kitchen
garden was largely overgrown.
The first terrace below the house is a rectangular compartment, with the remains of
flower borders surrounding lawn, and a hedge to the E side separating the compartment
from a path leading from the service court southwards. Box bushes describe openings
at the north and south ends of the compartment, in alignment with the steps down into
the terrace, and with the long flight of stone steps which leads down from this terrace
to the next, maintaining the strong axial focus on the rear of the house through the
whole of the formal garden. Beyond this, the garden is overgrown, and largely inaccessible,
but a recent measured survey of the entire garden submitted as part of a planning
application shows the surviving built features well, and this, together with photographs
from recent sales particulars allows a description of the garden to be made. The flight
of steps leads down to the formal lawn, which is lower than the surrounding areas
of garden and has stone retaining walls to three sides. The sloping areas to either
side of the steps were used for planting, and were divided by small walls into miniature
terraces: those to the E side of the steps still survive. The main retaining walls
have semi-circular niches built within them, and the edges had borders for planting.
The southern boundary of the formal garden was planted with an area of yew hedging,
with other hedging for the remaining boundaries.
A suburban Arts and Crafts garden for Wantage, a house built in 1901, laid out circa 1901-5, by Herbert Buckland, architect, and Ethie Dennison, owner.
This garden or other land is registered under the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 within the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens by Historic England for its special historic interest.
The Arts and Crafts garden at 1 Castle Hill (formerly Wantage), laid out in 1901-5 to the designs of Herbert Buckland, is registered at Grade II for the following principal reasons: * Designer: it is by an accomplished architect of national repute whose work is well represented on the List; * Design interest: it is a significant work that embodies fundamental Arts and Crafts ideas about garden design; its design is carefully integrated with that of the house to create an open and dynamic relationship between the inside and outside space; * Degree of survival: with the exception of the possible loss of part of the terrace wall to the west, the garden ‘rooms’, including the rose garden, terraces, orchard and tennis lawn, together with the paths, boundaries and trees, survive in the same form as shown in contemporary photographs; * Rarity: an increasingly rare survival of a suburban Arts and Crafts garden; * Group value: strong group value with the Grade II listed house, which is contemporary; the house and garden were designed by Buckland as an ensemble.
Books and journals
Ballard, Phillada , Birmingham's Victorian and Edwardian Architects, (2009)
'Recent Designs for Domestic Architecture: House at Kenilworth' in The Studio, , Vol. 33, (1905), 306-9
Other
Documents, plans and photographs associated with planning application and LBC applications W/16/0018 and W/16/0019/LB, January 2016, and other earlier applications relating to the site
Sales particulars, Hamptons International, July 2014