| Identificatie en beschrijving | |
|---|---|
| Titel | Heverleebos en Meerdaalwoud |
| Provincie | Vlaams-Brabant |
| Gemeente | Leuven, Oud-Heverlee, Bierbeek |
| Deelgemeente | Heverlee, Oud-Heverlee, Vaalbeek, Blanden, Haasrode, Sint-Joris-Weert, Bierbeek |
| Bron | Schepping: 2015-05-16 Bijwerken: 2017-10-10 URI: https://id.erfgoed.net/erfgoedobjecten/300814 |
| Locatie | Bierbeek (Bierbeek), Heverlee (Leuven), Blanden, Haasrode, Oud-Heverlee, Sint-Joris-Weert, Vaalbeek (Oud-Heverlee) |
| Coördinaten | Breedte: 4.69908631316 Lengte: 50.8158718082 |
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Twee boscomplexen, circa 2500 hectare, in 1727-1770 heraangelegd als annex bij de kasteeltuinen van de hertog van Arenberg; klassiek dambordpatroon van rechte wegen, oorspronkelijk met groene kamers of 'salons' en twee 'sterren'; de 'Parnassusberg' in het Heverleebos is een monumentale, getrapte belvédèreheuvel met resten van de oorspronkelijke beplanting met lindebomen; dreefaanplantingen uit 1850-1860 met bruine beuk en Amerikaanse eik.
Het dambordpatroon
Het Heverleebos en het Meerdaalwoud, dat met het Mollendaalbos één aaneengesloten boscomplex vormt, worden algemeen beschouwd als de belangrijkste bos- en natuurgebieden van de regio. Ook het prehistorisch en archeologisch belang van het Meerdaalwoud werd meermaals belicht. Dat het tevens om een brok interessante historische park- en landschapsarchitectuur gaat is minder bekend.
Het huidige dambordpatroon van rechtlijnige boswegen werd aangelegd vanaf 1727, samen met de steenweg Leuven-Namen, die er zowat de ruggengraat van vormde. Slechts enkele intergemeentelijke wegen – de zogenaamde Lijkweg of Dodendreef tussen Vaalbeek en Oud-Heverlee, de Pragenstraat, de Korbeekdamstraat – behielden hun oude, slingerende tracés, andere (onder meer de Grezweg) bleven fragmentarisch als ondiepe sleuven bewaard. De hertracering van boswegen en bospercelen (hier 'enceintes' genoemd) is vanaf de tweede helft van de 18de eeuw een algemeen verschijnsel in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden en is in de eerste plaats uitdrukking van een toenemende rationalisatie en intensivering van het bosbeheer – het begin van de moderne ontginningsbeweging. Uit de vorm- én naamgeving van het nieuwe wegennet in het Heverleebos en het Meerdaalwoud kan echter worden afgeleid dat esthetische en architecturale bekommernissen ook een belangrijke rol hebben gespeeld – 'nut en sier' op grote schaal (nagenoeg 25 vierkante kilometer).
In 1759 was de heraanleg nog niet voltooid. Op de grote wandkaart van de baronie Heverlee door landmeter J.B. Joris ontbreekt immers de Herculesdreef, die via de kapel van Onze-Lieve-Vrouw van Steenbergen de verbinding vormt tussen Meerdaalbos en Heverleewoud. Pas na de aankoop van de heerlijkheid Steenbergen in datzelfde jaar kon hertog Karel-Marie-Raymond van Arenberg deze verbinding tot stand brengen. De "carte topographique des Franches Forêts de Merdael Mollendael et Heverlez", eveneens opgemaakt door J.B. Joris, legt de eindtoestand vast, op één element na: de oostelijke verbinding tussen Heverleebos en Meerdaalwoud via de Prosperdreef (genoemd naar de kleinzoon van de voormelde hertog); dit werd pas mogelijk nadat hertog Louis-Engelbert in 1785 in het bezit kwam van Vaalbeek.
Architecturale band tussen kasteelpark en bos
Het kasteeldomein van Heverlee werd met het Heverleebos verbonden door een dubbele dreef die samenvalt met de huidige Hertog Engelbertlaan, het begin van de huidige Leopold III-laan en – zuidwaarts naar het bos toe afbuigend – het nu verkavelde gedeelte van wat de Prosperdreef zou worden. Deze dreef, bestaande uit vier bomenrijen ('allée principale' geflankeerd door 'contre-allées'), vormde het verlengde van de formele parterretuin voor het kasteel en maakte het mogelijk het kasteel vanuit de voordeligste hoek te benaderen; bij de afdaling kreeg de bezoeker een overzicht van de parterres. Het merendeel van de snij-, knoop- en scharnierpunten in het nieuwe wegennet worden op de 'carte topographique' van 1769 uitdrukkelijk als kleine rotondes afgebeeld, die – althans in het Heverleebos – een eigen naam hebben. De toponymie van het nieuwe wegennet verwees niet alleen naar historische (Rendez-vous des Pauvres), topo- en geografische (Route des Vallons, Route de Mille) realiteiten of naar de 'enceintes', die meestal bedacht werden met termen uit de jacht of het wildbeheer (Enceinte des Marcassins, des Chevreuils...). Ze wortelt ook in de verlichte leefwereld van de hertogen van Arenberg, zoals blijkt uit de verwijzingen naar de 'filosofen', de Nieuwe Wereld (Carrefour du Mississipi, route de Jamaicque) en de antieke mythologie.
Enkele knoop- of scharnierpunten werden uitgebouwd tot 'salons', echte groene kamers, omgeven door een of meerdere palissades van gesnoeide bomen. Op de kaart van 1769 springt vooral het 'Herculessalon' in het oog, aan de zuidwestrand van Meerdaalwoud: drie concentrische palissades, naar het zuiden geopend in een trechtervormige vista, die doorkruist wordt door een rond- en een dwarsweg. Deze configuratie die min of meer gewijzigd op latere kaarten voorkomt (Ferraris, Primitieve kadasterkaart, Vander Maelen) is nog vaag herkenbaar op de stafkaart van 1908 (ICM, 1909), maar heeft geen duidelijke sporen nagelaten. Een tweede, bescheidener salon was de 'Speelberg', boven Sint-Joris-Weert aan het toenmalige eindpunt van de huidige Weertsedreef, ongeveer ter plekke van de huidige post van de Federale Politie: een palissade van snoeibomen in een halve cirkel, een detail dat ook op de Ferrariskaart duidelijk zichtbaar is, maar waarvan elk spoor is uitgewist. De naam Speelberg komt al voor op een figuratieve kaart van 1661, maar de aanleg en de beplanting van "ene ovale plaatse tot plaisir van sijne voorschreve hoogheijt" in het verlengde van de Weertsedreef maar op grond van de Weertse gemeenschap vormt het voorwerp van een vergelijk tussen de hertog, die de werken al had laten uitvoeren, en de schepenen van Sint-Joris-Weert van 24 november 1770. Als de hertog de bomen die hij daar heeft aanplant laat kappen, dan mogen de gemeentenaren ze gebruiken voor "het maeken van eene wippe om den vogel te schieten". Het 'Godensalon' aan de noordoostelijke rand van het Meerdaalwoud wordt op de kaart van 1769 afgebeeld als een ovaal plateau, zonder aanduidingen over eventuele beplanting; het plateau is nog duidelijk zichtbaar in het reliëf.
Goden, muzen en sterren
De Parnassusbergdreef, die het Heverleebos doorkruist van oost naar west, buigt ten zuidoosten van Oud-Heverlee-dorp af naar de vijvers van het Zoet Water en wordt ten zuiden van de kapel van Onze-Lieve-Vrouw van Steenbergen verlengd in de Herculesdreef. Het eerste van de drie scharnierpunten die de afbuiging vormt wordt nu meestal aangeduid als de "Lindenronde" maar op de kaart van 1769 heet het "le Parnasse". De Parnassusberg, het verblijf van Apollo en de muzen en het symbool van de dichtkunst, is een geliefd motief in de klassieke tuinarchitectuur. Een kunstmatige heuvel, liefst met grot of fontein, werd bekroond door een 'parnasse de jardin', vaak een tempeltje of 'gloriëtte', bereikbaar via een pad dat om de heuvel windend naar boven leidde. Hier gaat het echter om een spoelvormige heuvel waar de Parnassusbergdreef overheen loopt. De opgeworpen aarde is afkomstig uit twee parallelle grachten die rond het centrale, hoogste gedeelte tot een 25 meter brede cirkel uitdijen. Het hoogteverschil loopt op tot 6 meter en de hele constructie is circa 170 meter lang. De zuidelijke gracht werd echter over 40 meter gedempt om de bouw van een buitenverblijf mogelijk te maken. Na 250 jaar is nog duidelijk zichtbaar dat het om een getrapte heuvel gaat, zoals de Ferrariskaart het weergeeft, meer bepaald met drie trappen. Ronde, getrapte en met lindebomen beplante heuvels zijn geen unicum, maar dit is een bijzonder monumentaal exemplaar. Langs beide zijden van de constructie maar binnen de grachten werden drie rijen lindebomen (Tilia x europaea) aangeplant "en quinconce", als de ogen van een dobbelsteen bij de vijf; in het getrapte centrale gedeelte staan ze aan de rand van de trappen. De meeste van de 58 nog bewaarde linden – circa één vijfde van het oorspronkelijke bestand – hebben een stamomtrek van 3 tot 4 meter. Stronken met opslag signaleren de positie van 23 verdwenen exemplaren. Een getrapte, met linden beplante motte hebben we tijdens het inventariswerk ook gevonden in het domein Herkenrode te Wespelaar – in dat geval omwaterd en oorspronkelijk bekroond door een zeshoekig paviljoen in Lodewijk XV-stijl met een uitgezwenkt koepeldak, zoals blijkt uit een 18de-eeuwse figuratieve kaart.
Opmerkelijk is dat de gracht rond de centrale heuvel aan de noordzijde onderbroken wordt, een detail dat ook op de Ferrariskaart en zelfs op de huidige stafkaart duidelijk wordt weergegeven en erop wijst dat deze Parnassusberg ook een belvédère was, met een aantrekkelijk panorama over de Dijlevallei en het dorp Oud-Heverlee (het uitzicht werd nog tot 1950 nauwelijks door enige bebouwing belemmerd). Het salon op de Speelberg boven Sint-Joris-Weert bood een vergelijkbare combinatie: een dorpskern met een riant valleilandschap als achtergrond. In de 18de eeuw maakte de waardering voor het onopgesmukte, rustieke landschap als bron van schoonheid grote opgang, maar het is niet uitgesloten dat een hertogelijke excursie langs de salons en de uitkijkpunten – met of zonder picknick, 'fête champêtre' of drijfjacht – ook een element van machtsvertoon inhield.
In het nieuwe patroon van dreven komt slechts tweemaal een ster voor, allebei in het Heverleebos, met name het kruispunt 'De Vier Barelen' – momenteel beplant met lindebomen – en het "Rendez-vous des Moines" in het uiterste (rond 1900 ontboste) noordoosten, langs de huidige Kerspelstraat. Stervormen en ganzenvoeten waren veelgebruikte patronen, niet alleen in de Franse baroktuinen, maar tijdens de hele 18de eeuw ook in de bosbouw, bij de herstructurering van bosgebieden (zie bijvoorbeeld het Gravenbos te Humbeek, het Zoniënwoud, de hertogelijke warande van Tervuren, de bossen van de abdijen van Tongerlo en Averbode). Het panopticum-effect beantwoordde volledig aan het klassieke verlangen naar orde en overzicht en was ook erg doeltreffend binnen het (drijf )jachtritueel: van op één centrale plaats kon men het opgejaagde wild neerleggen zonder één voet te verzetten. In Duitsland spreekt men dan ook vaak van een 'Jagdstern'. De jacht en georganiseerde jachtpartijen speelden een belangrijke rol in de vrijwouden van Heverlee en Meerdaal, getuige daarvan het incident rond de everzwijnen van de hertog (na een petitie van de schepenen van Sint-Joris-Weert en soortgelijke petities in andere beboste gebieden in de Oostenrijkse Nederlanden, verbood keizer Jozef II bij ordonnantie van 11 oktober 1781 loslopende everzwijnen. De everzwijnen van de hertog van Arenberg vonden een onderkomen in het ommuurde kloosterdomein van Savenel aan de zuidrand van het Meerdaalbos; cf. E. Martens, 167-168). Het geringe aantal 'sterren' is dan ook verwonderlijk.
Dreven in kleur
Vooral in het Heverleebos vormen de dreven een dicht raster. Hun breedte kan ook aanzienlijk verschillen; vergelijk bijvoorbeeld de Herendreef met de Harcourtdreef. Dat die breedte ook een geplande onderlinge hiërarchie zou uitdrukken blijkt uit geen enkele 18de-eeuwse kaart of archiefstuk. De oudste nog aanwezige beplanting (behalve die van de Parnassusberg) dateert uit het midden van de 19de eeuw en bestaat uit bruine beuk (Fagus sylvatica 'Atropunicea') en, in mindere mate, Amerikaanse eik (Quercus rubra). Op de kaarten van Joris (1759, 1769) en op de Ferrariskaart (1771-1775) worden de rijaanplantingen langs de dreven uitdrukkelijk afgebeeld, maar uit welke soorten ze oorspronkelijk bestonden zal verder archiefonderzoek misschien uitwijzen. Gezag hebbende auteurs uit de vroege 18de eeuw bevelen de linde, meer bepaald de Hollandse – "tillot de Hollande" (Tilia x europaea) – aan als de ideale laanboom en misschien heeft de hertog van Arenberg die raad ter harte genomen. De lindebomen op de Parnassusberg zouden dus een relict kunnen zijn van de oorspronkelijke dreefbeplantingen.
Bruin- of roodbladige beuken, bekend sinds 1680, komen pas in trek na 1800 in het bonte decor van de landschappelijke parken. De keuze van bruine beuk en Amerikaanse eik – soms gemengd binnen dezelfde dreef – gebeurde uiteraard uit esthetische overwegingen: het roze bladerdak van de beuken (vooral in de lente en bij strijklicht) vormt een prettig contrast met het groene waas binnen de 'enceintes'; de spectaculaire verkleuring van de Amerikaanse eiken in de herfst spreekt voor zichzelf. De bruine beuken en Amerikaanse eiken aangeplant in 1850-1860 verdwijnen in snel tempo, niet alleen door hun ouderdom. De mechanisering van de bosbouw en het zware materieel dat gebruikt wordt bij het uitslepen en het vervoer van hout over te smalle wegen hebben weinig dreefbomen onberoerd gelaten. Bij de breed uitstoelende stamvoeten van oude beuken is doorgaans het naar de weg gekeerde gedeelte weggereden. Beide soorten – maar vooral Amerikaanse eik die zich agressief uitzaait – passen daarenboven niet meer in het streven naar het meer op natuurlijke processen gerichte bosbouwconcept dat momenteel opgeld maakt, evenmin als een dicht net van kaarsrechte dreven.
Auteur: Deneef, Roger
Auteur: Wijnant, Jo
Datum: 2004
Titel Text: Heverleebos en Meerdalwoud
De Parnassusbergdreef (Deneef, Roger, 11-10-2002, ©Vlaamse Gemeenschap)
Parnassusterras (Pauwels, Oswald, 01-01-2004, ©Vlaamse Gemeenschap)
Parnassusterras (Pauwels, Oswald, 01-01-2004, ©Vlaamse Gemeenschap)
De Parnassusbergdreef en een van de oorspronkelijk aangeplante lindebomen (Pauwels, Oswald, 13-12-2002, ©Vlaamse Gemeenschap)
Het 18de-eeuwse Herculessalon is nog zichtbaar in het reliëf . Omgeven door lindes. (Vandevorst, Kris, 03-04-2008, ©Vlaamse Gemeenschap)
De zuidelijke gracht van de Parnassusberg en de in terrassen aangelegde en met linden beplante heuvel in de achtergrond (Deneef, Roger, 11-10-2002, ©Vlaamse Gemeenschap)
De zuidflank van de Parnassusberg met sporen van terrassen (Pauwels, Oswald, 01-01-2004, ©Vlaamse Gemeenschap)
BENETIERE M.-H., Jardin. Vocabulaire typologique et technique, Paris, Editions du Patrimoine, 2000, p. 180.
BREUGELMANS J., Het hertogdom Aarschot onder Arenberg (1612-1795), p. 224 e.v. in: Arenberg in de Lage Landen. Een hoogadelijk huis in Vlaanderen en Nederland, Universitaire Pers Leuven, 2002.
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Datering: derde kwart 18de eeuw, derde kwart 19de eeuw, tweede kwart 18de eeuw,
Typologie: bossen, dreven, quinconces, sterrebossen